Friday, May 31, 2019

The Signalman, An Arrest and Napoleon and The Spectre. In this essay

The Signalman, An Arrest and nap and The Spectre. In this essay I am going to compare and contrast them. All three of these stories use mediaeval techniques however they have a varietyCompare and Contrast Three 19th Century Short StoriesThe first Gothic novel was written in 1764 by Horace Walpole. Thenovel was called The Castle of Ortranto. He created the criteriathat all gothic writers use today. Gothic literature uses anatmosphere of mystery, shock and suspense to intrigue the reader oraudience. The gothic vocabulary consists of words that create anatmosphere of mystery, hate, tension, fear, sorrow and terror. Gothicnovels usually are set in a house or property with a large amount ofgothic architecture. Gothic literature has a common involvement withthe supernatural. In most gothic stories there is a spectre, spot orvision that is out of the ordinary. Gothic stories also often containa mysterious ending.During the gothic phase many authors took to writing in this style.Authors such(prenominal) as Charlotte Bronte, Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyleand Edgar Allen Poe all adopted the gothic style and wrote their ownstories.Gothic architecture is also included many times to provoke anatmosphere of terror. The gothic style buildings had large arches andgargoyles that looked down from the ceiling, these things gave theimage of darkness.The three stories that I have read are The Signalman, An Arrest andNapoleon and The Spectre. In this essay I am going to compare andcontrast them. All three of these stories use gothic techniqueshowever they have a variety of differences as well as similarities.Napoleon and The Spectre, written by Bronte and The Signalmanwritten by Dic... ... his wife which acts as a deterrent to them developingtheir matrimonial relationship. The background information about theancestral halls at which they are staying gives the reader the sensethat there is something strange about the house. The woman feelsinexplicable draughts and John dism isses it and shuts, the window.This implies a ghostliness and again call upon the subject area of thesupernatural. This contrasts with the signalman and napoleon andthe spectre because the ghosts in those two stories are physicallydescribed, whereas here it is only suggested. As days go on the womanbecomes obsessed with the yellowness wallpaper in the corner of herroom. The wallpaper was repellent, almost revolting asmoulderingsulphur tint in others.The wallpaper seems to have a exponent of its own drawing the woman intoan unhealthy hobby of following it.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Macbeth Essay -- English Literature Essays

MacbethTrace Macbeths transmute over the course of the accept. How does Shakespeare convey it?The transition from brave and firm thane to brutal tyrant king can be easily traced, when focusing on the character of Macbeth throughout the escape. All aspects of the character change to some intent as his sins and treachery increase in consequence this includes his relationship with his wife and fri remainders, his clothing, his style of speaking, his attitudes towards fate, paranoia and fear. Shakespeare conveys this change in character to the reader by making all of these different and changing character aspects obvious at some stage during the play.At the start of the play lady Macbeth is the more dominant character in the relationship. In his letter to his wife about the witches prophecies, Macbeth writes, This ingest I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest henchman of greatness, that thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promi sed thee. He knows that his partner will like the idea of being Queen and seems to offer the news as a good-natured of present, this shows that Macbeth really feels as though he has to entertain her. However, it is Lady Macbeth that takes charge of the situation and ensures that Duncan is makeed, rather than allowing Macbeth to have his way and let Duncan live. After Macbeth has committed the murder he is distraught and talking about the excitement of the blood on his hands, erstwhile again Lady Macbeth takes control of the situation, by saying a teentsy water clears us of this deed she attempts to clear Macbeths conscience. The change in the obvious control Lady Macbeth holds over Macbeths actions, in the first gear two acts, becomes evident in the banquet scene ( scene 4, act 3 ), by this stage Macbeth is arranging the murder of Banquo without the assistance or reassurance of Lady Macbeth, however, when Macbeth is supposedly seeing the specter of Banquo later on in the sce ne, it is Lady Macbeth who, once again, is put into a position of control, as she attempts to cover for her husband and explain his confusing speeches. As the play continues, the plot intensifies, and as Macbeth changes, Lady Macbeth plays a smaller role in the outcome of events. The audience sees her character in decreasing amounts, after the banquet scene, she but features in scene 1, Act 5. Which shows her increasing insanity, as Lad... ...s may not have had any supernatural powers whatsoever, other than Macbeth receiving the title of thane of Cawdor, which may have been coincidence, Macbeth caused everything else to happen, not giving fate a chance as he was causing everything to happen himself. Whether or not you make you own fate is one of the major themes explored by Shakespeare in the play of Macbeth.In the concluding scene of the play Malcolm describes Macbeth as a dead butcher this in itself sums up the change of Macbeths character, curiously when compared to the pra ise received by the character during the first act of the play. During the early stages of the play Macbeth is described as a worthy cousin to the king and as a noble partner to Banquo, by the end of the play Macbeth has ensured the death of both, either doing it himself or arranging for murderers to do the deed. One has to wonder if it was in Macbeths dower to face such changes in character, or if it happened as a result of the three weird sisters, playing with a situation that was not meant for their involvement. Regardless of the cause, Shakespeare successfully shows the change in character throughout the play in a large variety of ways. Macbeth Essay -- English Literature EssaysMacbethTrace Macbeths change over the course of the play. How does Shakespeare convey it?The transition from brave and loyal thane to brutal tyrant king can be easily traced, when focusing on the character of Macbeth throughout the play. All aspects of the character change to some extent as his sins and treachery increase in extremity this includes his relationship with his wife and friends, his clothing, his style of speaking, his attitudes towards fate, paranoia and fear. Shakespeare conveys this change in character to the reader by making all of these different and changing character aspects obvious at some stage during the play.At the start of the play lady Macbeth is the more dominant character in the relationship. In his letter to his wife about the witches prophecies, Macbeth writes, This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of greatness, that thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee. He knows that his partner will like the idea of being Queen and seems to offer the news as a kind of present, this shows that Macbeth really feels as though he has to please her. However, it is Lady Macbeth that takes charge of the situation and ensures that Duncan is murdered, rather than allowing Macbe th to have his way and let Duncan live. After Macbeth has committed the murder he is distraught and talking about the intensity of the blood on his hands, once again Lady Macbeth takes control of the situation, by saying a little water clears us of this deed she attempts to clear Macbeths conscience. The change in the obvious control Lady Macbeth holds over Macbeths actions, in the first two acts, becomes evident in the banquet scene ( scene 4, act 3 ), by this stage Macbeth is arranging the murder of Banquo without the assistance or reassurance of Lady Macbeth, however, when Macbeth is supposedly seeing the ghost of Banquo later on in the scene, it is Lady Macbeth who, once again, is put into a position of control, as she attempts to cover for her husband and explain his confusing speeches. As the play continues, the plot intensifies, and as Macbeth changes, Lady Macbeth plays a smaller role in the outcome of events. The audience sees her character in decreasing amounts, after the banquet scene, she only features in scene 1, Act 5. Which shows her increasing insanity, as Lad... ...s may not have had any supernatural powers whatsoever, other than Macbeth receiving the title of thane of Cawdor, which may have been coincidence, Macbeth caused everything else to happen, not giving fate a chance as he was causing everything to happen himself. Whether or not you make you own fate is one of the major themes explored by Shakespeare in the play of Macbeth.In the final scene of the play Malcolm describes Macbeth as a dead butcher this in itself sums up the change of Macbeths character, especially when compared to the praise received by the character during the first act of the play. During the early stages of the play Macbeth is described as a worthy cousin to the king and as a noble partner to Banquo, by the end of the play Macbeth has ensured the death of both, either doing it himself or arranging for murderers to do the deed. One has to wonder if it was in Macbeths destiny to face such changes in character, or if it happened as a result of the three weird sisters, playing with a situation that was not meant for their involvement. Regardless of the cause, Shakespeare successfully shows the change in character throughout the play in a large variety of ways.

My Cousin’s Funeral :: Personal Narrative Writing

My Cousins FuneralI dreamt once that I was in love with my cousin overcharge Campbell. In the dream, he was rosy and cherubic. When we kissed, he was soft. In the morning, my lips remembered accosts kisses. I felt the sensation dancing quietly just above my skin, distort and brushed, like a cashmere sweater.I talked to my dad over instant messenger and told him that I had a dream that Rob was my lover. I didnt want to spread abroad him this, embarrassed, but something seemed to propel me forward. He typed his response, slowly. I waited. Thats O.K, the screen read. I dreamed a lot about my brother when he died too.My grandfather Hank died angiotensin-converting enzyme day in my living room. He fell out of bed and called to my mom, singing on the night air, Peggy, Peggy... No one heard him until it was the cusp of muddied and light. There was a moment when he died. He was a fountain of coagulation and mucus. He was very pale and his skin looked like a mold piece of white rubber. I was 16 but I felt like an infant in that moment when my grandfather took his last breath. At Robs visiting hours, there is a reception line. His mother and father and sister and brother stand up next to the casket. My dad and momhis uncle and auntyare up there too, along with my paternal grandparents and my dads brother Mark. I sit in the back with my brother and his wife and my boyfriend. I watch as the room fills with people. The line toward the casket is jumbled and when people first enter the room, they dont see Rob. They see Debbie and Paul and Becky and Aaron first. Then, as the line straightens out, they see Rob, white and chalky. I watch as mouths open, lips quiver, eyes close, Robs apples jump, breaths halt. I feel bad watching their pain so I watch their hands instead. Hand to hand. Grasping hands of my dad and my grandfather. Strangers. Sweaty hands, clammy hands, nervous hands, sad hands. At one point, my grandmother leaves the receiving line. She is wearing the col our flowered dress from J.C. Penney that she wore to my high school graduation. Susan, Im glad James and I got the flu shot, she whispers to me on her way to the bathroom.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Catal Huyuk was a Civilization Essay examples -- essays research paper

Catal Huyuk was a CivilizationAccording to archaeologist in order to be defined as a civilization certain criteria must be met. Early archaeologists believed in order to be considered a civilization a society must have cultural superiority, which meant they must have the ability to ask and write. If this was the sole criteria used to judge if a society was labeled a civilization, then you could say the Inca of South America, who constructed cities on top of mountains and had a complex strategy of irrigation canals, were not one because they did not have a system for reading or writing. Modern archaeologists now think of civilization as not mend but different. The modern definition of civilization consists of the development of cities, or urbanization, the existence of a centralized political unit, a dense population in the thousands and a degree of organizational complexity. After reading and listening to class lecture I believe that Catal Huyuk should be considered a civilization . As you read on I will discuss point by point why I feel Catal Huyuk was a civilization. Signs of craft specialization are very apparent at Catal Huyuk. There are a variety tools and weapons made from obsidian, flint, stone and bone. A process called flint knapping, or chipping, was used to shape a stone, like flint, into a sharp tool which could be used in arrowheads. Another process that was used in making tools was called grounding. This involved using two ston...

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Presidential vs. Parliamentary Political Systems Essay -- Political Sc

Presidential vs. Parliamentary Political Systems There atomic number 18 two main types of political systems, one being a presidential system and the other being a parliamentary system. Both of them have their own benefits as well as their own disadvantages. No political system can be perfect or can always have stability, but shown in history at that place are successful countries that use either one. Also in that respect are countries that have failed with one of the two systems. Firstly there is the presidential system. There are many characteristics to a presidential system. The first main part of a presidential system is how the executive is elected. The executive is a president who is elected to a fixed term. Also a president is not only head of state, but is head of g overnment. The president is the sole executive of the judicature. Even though there is a cabinet in a presidential system it does not have the power it does in a parliamentary system. The cabinet is chosen by the president instead of chosen by the parliament. A president has to follow a constitution rather than following history. The president actually has a crowing part in the governments decisions. A big advantage to political scientists of the presidential system is that there is a separation of powers. The legislative severalise being separate from the executive branch lets one another keep checks and balances on each other. This assures that no one branch will take over or attempt to take over the government. Another advantage of a presidential system is that the population elects the chief executive and the legislative branch. By amiable a popular vote shows that most of a country is backing the executive which does not seem to cause revolution. The president can not release an assembly as one can in a parliamentary system. Also in a presidential system there is the judicial branch, which is the court of justice system. The judicial branch is important because it helps uphold the constitution. One of the last advantages of a presidential system is that there is more stability because a president is elected to a fixed term, where as in a parliamentary system a prime minister can be ousted at any time. A presidential system is not perfect, but it has its high and low points. The other type of political system being analyzed is a parliamentary system. A parliamentary system has its executive branch in ... ... be elected by the majority of the population of the country. Also there being a written constitution in a presidential system makes it easier to prefer because this explains the law precisely and accurately. In a presidential system there is a judicial branch which makes it fair to be tried for crimes, which is a plus too. I may be bias because I live in a country that has a presidential system, which is the United States and it is the most successful nation, but I feel that even if lived in another country I would enviousness our style of government and would want to live here. A presidential government is by the far the most successful and fairest way to run a country.I feel that France is most comparable to the political system I prefer. It is semi-presidential, which is more effective than a parliamentary system. Their election process is similar to a presidential system, which shows a popular vote in the population wins. The parliament can censure the premier also, which is good because it does not let one part of government make any drastic changes without the parliament agreeing. I feel that France is most like my preferred type of political system because of these reasons.

Presidential vs. Parliamentary Political Systems Essay -- Political Sc

Presidential vs. Parliamentary Political Systems There be two main types of political systems, hotshot world a professorshipial system and the other being a parliamentary system. Both of them have their accept benefits as well as their own disadvantages. No political system can be perfect or can always have stability, but shown in history there are successful countries that use either one. Also there are countries that have failed with one of the two systems. Firstly there is the presidential system. There are many an(prenominal) characteristics to a presidential system. The first main pop out of a presidential system is how the executive is elected. The executive is a president who is elected to a fix term. Also a president is not only head of state, but is head of government. The president is the sole executive of the government. Even though there is a cabinet in a presidential system it does not have the power it does in a parliamentary system. The cabinet is chosen by th e president instead of chosen by the parliament. A president has to follow a constitution rather than following history. The president actually has a large part in the governments decisions. A big advantage to political scientists of the presidential system is that there is a separation of powers. The legislative branch being separate from the executive branch lets one another keep checks and balances on each other. This assures that no one branch will take over or attempt to take over the government. Another advantage of a presidential system is that the population elects the chief executive and the legislative branch. By winning a popular vote shows that most of a boorish is backing the executive which does not seem to cause revolution. The president can not dissolve an fiction as one can in a parliamentary system. Also in a presidential system there is the juridical branch, which is the court system. The discriminatory branch is important because it helps uphold the constitut ion. One of the last advantages of a presidential system is that there is more stability because a president is elected to a fixed term, where as in a parliamentary system a prime minister can be ousted at any time. A presidential system is not perfect, but it has its high and low points. The other type of political system being analyzed is a parliamentary system. A parliamentary system has its executive branch in ... ... be elected by the majority of the population of the country. Also there being a pen constitution in a presidential system doctors it easier to prefer because this explains the law precisely and accurately. In a presidential system there is a judicial branch which makes it fair to be tried for crimes, which is a plus too. I may be bias because I live in a country that has a presidential system, which is the United States and it is the most successful nation, but I notice that even if lived in another country I would envy our elan of government and would want to live here. A presidential government is by the far the most successful and fairest way to run a country.I feel that France is most comparable to the political system I prefer. It is semi-presidential, which is more effective than a parliamentary system. Their election process is similar to a presidential system, which shows a popular vote in the population wins. The parliament can censure the premier also, which is good because it does not let one part of government make any drastic changes without the parliament agreeing. I feel that France is most like my preferred type of political system because of these reasons.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Fidelis ad Mortem A History of The New York Police Essay

Since the declaration of Dutch independence in 1609, the city of invigorated York, the called New Amsterdam, had been a relatively large and rambling municipality. As one might expect, the city had criminal elements in proportion to its population. (Costello, 1885) Throughout its bill, the entity that would become the New York police Department has represented the leading abut in law enforcement, organization, technology and civilian relations. By 1800, having repaired the privations caused by the revolution of 1776, the city began to formalize its law enforcement procedures. Costello, 1885) In 1798, the city established its first decreed police office.By 1800, the city had four incarceration centers. Three of them were criminal jails and one was a debt prison. (Costello, 1885) The institutions were the State Prison, the Penitentiary, Bridewell, and The Jail. (Costello, 1885) The city had already been administratively divided into troika zones. Because dickens of the distri cts were so large geographically, the Watch as they were called then, abandoned their traditional formula of standing at station, and began the first foot patrol in the history of New York law enforcement. Costello, 1885) By 1803 the number of patrolmen in each of the three districts fifty, fifty-four and thirty-six.Each district was overseen by two captains of the watch, who were the administrative heads of the district. (Costello, 1885) This system, called the constabulary (as it was administered by constables) lasted and grew until the formal establishment of a police department in 1845. After the last high constable of the city of New York (a position analogous to the Police Commissioner) Jacob Hayes, retired in 1844, the governor of New York gave permission to the mayor to establish a police force. Costello, 1885) Watchmen and constables were replaced with police officers. (Costello, 1885) The officers wore eight-pointed stars (these represented the eight constables of the wat ch that existed in 1844) featuring the city seal, and make of copper. ( oft Asked1999) It was the wearing of these copper stars that earned the police the nickname cop. (Short for copper). (Frequently Asked1999)In Britain, the same nickname for police was derived from the initials of their claim, Citizens on Patrol. Thus the United States and Britain had their own manifest cops patrolling the street. Frequently Asked1999) The headquarters of the New York Police Department have changed over times. They began as a series of offices in City Hall, and in 1909, a building dedicated entirely to police administration was built on Center Street in Little Italy. This remained the centerpiece of the department until 1973, when the offices were relocated to the financial district at One Police Plaza. The image of a modern New York City patrol officer is a combination of many traditions, regulations, habits and practices adopted and change for conditions deep down New York City. Frequently Asked1999) The eight-pointed hat that is emblematic of the patrol officer is a memorial of the eight original Dutch Watchmen. (Frequently Asked1999)These hats have been standard event for patrol officers since 1928. (Frequently Asked1999) The night discombobulate is so-named because police used to have two sticks as weapon issue. (Frequently Asked1999) One was 11 inches long, and the second was 26 inches long. The longer stick was used on night patrol as this was the more dangerous time for the police. The 11-inch day-stick has since been abandoned, but the longer night sticks are still standard issue. Frequently Asked1999) The patrolmen of the NYPD began carrying guns by regulation in 1887. (Frequently Asked1999) Originally mandated as a . 32 Colt revolver, the traditional police handgun was changed to a . 38 revolver stamped with the wielders sieve number. (Frequently Asked1999) This standard service revolver was the required primary weapon until 1993, when the force officiall y switched to nine-millimeter semi-automatic pistols. (Frequently Asked1999) As the police department grew, the traditions and habits with which we are familiar from movies and television began to develop.From 1854 until the practice was discontinued in 1959, the force used whistles to summon fel downhearted officers when needed. (Frequently Asked1999) The whistles had a loud and distinct sound, and replaced the practice of banging on the curb with an officers nightstick. By 1959, radio technology rendered the whistles obsolete, and they were no longer standard issues for patrol officers. (Frequently Asked1999) They remain in use for traffic-control officers however, as they still serve to call anxiety of civilian drivers. (Frequently Asked1999) As a social institution, the NYPD was more progressive than many of its institutional counterparts. Frequently Asked1999) As early as 1911, well before the well-bred Rights movement, the NYPD Appointed Samuel J. Battle as the first African -American police officer. Hispanics received representation in NYPD even earlier. (Frequently Asked1999) George Garcia was the first Hispanic police officer, appointed in 1896. (Frequently Asked1999)The necessity of having to deal with female criminals made the appointment of female officers an earlier necessity. (Frequently Asked1999) In 1891, four police matrons were appointed to deal with female prisoners. In 1911, the title of Policewoman was created, and six women were appointed. Frequently Asked1999) in spite of their long history of diligence, bravery and courage in a very difficult setting, the NYPD has also had its share of low points. In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the department fell victim to rampant corruption. (Kefauver investigating n. d. ) Criminal organizations had made permanent and profitable allies in within the department, and the police began acting according to the whims of crime bosses, offering enforcement and punishment for drug trafficking enterpr ises throughout the city. (Kefauver Investigation n. d. When an officer, Frank Serpico, attempted to expose these abuses, he was violently subdue by members of the police department. Eventually, in the early 1970s, after being shot in the face in the line of duty (under suspicious circumstances) Serpico took his story to the New York Times. (Kefauver Investigation n. d. )Under close scrutiny from the press, the Mayor formed a commission to investigate the corruption claims. (Kefauver Investigation n. d. ) The resulting Knapp Commission investigation led to the remotion of the police chief, Frank Leary, who was replaced by Patrick Murphy. Kefauver Investigation n. d. ) Murphy instituted many reforms and helped the department regain the trust of the people. Despite this victory, Serpico himself was harassed by his fellow officers for turning rat. (Kefauver Investigation n. d. ) He retired from the police and moved to Europe. This incident highlighted an ongoing problem in New York P olice History. (Kefauver Investigation n. d. ) With the prevalence of alcohol bootlegging, and , later, drug trafficking, it was easy for organise criminals to bribe special treatment from the police.While not many officials were actually corrupt, it was very difficult to weed out corruption, because the police tend to be highly loyal, and a Serpicos case shows, reluctant to implicate one of their own. (Kefauver Investigation n. d. ) Cases of abuse by the police have also been alleged in the latter(prenominal) half of the 20th century. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1962, mobster and alleged murderer Frank Lito accused the department of extreme acts of violence during his interrogation. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). His claims were backed by his appearing with scurvy limbs(Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008)..The department was forced to release him under probation when he threatened to bring a civil suit. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1994, a police officer was accused of choking Anthony Baez. At the officers trial, two other officers were also convicted of lying to cover the incident up. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1997, another abuse case, this one occurring in the offices of the septenarytieth precinct resulted in the conviction of several officers for both the act and the cover-up. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1999, Amadou Diallo, an innocent citizen, was shot 41 times by Street Crimes detectives who mistook him for a criminal. Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008).Diallo was unarmed. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). The Street Crimes building block was disbanded as a result, and the city had to pay a $30,000,000 settlement to the family. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). A few notable incidences also occurred where public violence was caused or inflamed by police activity. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1988, Tompkin Square Park erupted when police attempted to enforce a curfew. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). After police clashed violently with protesters, the commissioner found that the faul t for the violence was on the poor planning and execution by the NYPD.In another notable incident, the NYPD was actually the instigator of a riot in 1992. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Supporters of mayoral candidate Rudy Giuliani, the NYPD rioted and attacked city hall under then-mayor David Dinkins. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Dinkins was forced to close City Hall to the police in fear of further violence. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 2007 The New York state inspector everyday verbalize that the New York City Police Departments crime lab cut corners analyzing evidence and submitted results in drug cases without having done the required tests in 2002. Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008).Inspector General Kristine Hamann said that serious errors were made following exsisting protocols, which had since been changed. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). She said past officials failed to appropriately monitor some lab workers performance and enforce standards. Hamann said her investigation began after the s tate Division of Criminal Justice Services asked her to investigate allegations of dry labbing sending results to police and prosecutors without doing the actual lab tests in 2002. Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Despite these incidents, and numerous other cases of varying brutality and error, the overall record of the NYPD is impressive. The men and women of the New York Police department also have a long and prestigious history of protecting the population of the city. (Bosak, 1999)In 1863, in the middle of a hot summer, and short of patrolmen, the Police of New York was called upon to protect African Americans of the city from the rioting mobs who protested Abraham Lincolns Civil War Draft. Bosak, 1999) The African-Americans were obvious targets given the perception in the city that the war was being fought to free southern slaves. (Bosak, 1999) The violence began as the enlistment office on 3rd Ave. was burned to the ground by a segment of the citys own fire department in protest to their prospective draft. (Bosak, 1999) Beaten approximately to death on his way to third avenue, was Joseph Kennedy, a police Chief of Department, and police precinct offices became targets of rioters as four were killed and two station houses destroyed on the first day of riots. Bosak, 1999) As the rioting expanded, the citizen protesters were joined by criminals, looters and other miscreants and the violence escalated (Bosak, 1999).The armory was sacked and burned, and the rioters did the same to a home for orphaned Black children. (Bosak, 1999) A station on West 35th St. wired police headquarters on Mulberry Street with a question. (Bosak, 1999) Expecting an attack, they asked if they should fight or flee. The message they received from police headquarters was a single word Fight. (Bosak, 1999) The 35th street station took in the Black orphans and withstood seven attacks by the mob without capitulating. (Bosak, 1999) It was from events during this riot that the citizens gifte d the NYPD with their motto, Fidelis ad Mortem, loyal to the death. (Bosak, 1999) From 1806 to 2007, the department has lost 758 officers in the line of duty. Of those deaths, twenty-three occurred as a result of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in September of 2001. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Nearly half of the remainder of deaths was from hostile gunfire. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008).Headquartered now at 1 Police Plaza in Manhattans financial District. , the New York City Police department spans over 20 different departments and nearly eighty patrol precincts. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Despite the occasional instances of misconduct, the nearly 40,000 men and women of the New York Police Department have served with a great deal of distinction under very difficult circumstances in a city renowned for its violence, drug use and crime. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). The police have been able to reduce the occurrence of all of these acts, and continue to earn the trust of the population.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Observation Report

Observation Report The person observed for this report. She has been observed during two separate negotiations and this is a report on the observations made during them. This report will in addition provide interpretations on what has been observed. Observervation 1(Pub Brewery, Buyer) Body language Observee has her arms crossed and resting on the table. Her upper-body is leaning in slightly and she is making mall contact with the other company on a regular basis. She smiles on occasion and economic consumptions hand gestures whenever appropriate. She does non openly react surprised to unexpected information or demands from the other party.However, she does not have her heels on the floor, instead her feet are resting on their toes. Observee makes a professional, calm and friendly impression based on her body language. Although her heels are not touch modality the floor, this is somewhat understandable as she isnt very tall. This makes it difficult for her to reach the floor wit h her heels while remaining in a favorable position. oral exam confabulation Observee does not speak as often as her partner, the time she speaks is significantly less. However, whenever she does speak, she addresses the other party in a friendly banknote and with professional vocabulary.She alike concretely agrees to suggestions while in the sum game of the negotiation, instead of waiting for the end game to do this. Observee seems to not want to waste time on superfluous conversation and instead says what she means clearly and concisely. This does not come across as unkind or emotionless, rather as direct. She also seems to be comfortable in letting her partner do the greater part of the negotiating and building on the points her partner makes. Questions The observee regularly asks questions. These questions are mostly closed questions.Observee seems to use these questions as feedback whilst paraphrasing, to see if she correctly understood the other party. Observervation 2( Cuddles LTD, Seller) Body language Observee has her arms crossed and resting on the table. Her upper-body is leaning in slightly and she is making eye contact with the other party on a regular basis, this time she also spend a lot of time looking at her notebook computer. She also smiles frequently and uses hand gestures whenever appropriate. This time she has her heels on the floor, and is sitting on the edge of her seat.She appease does not openly react surprised to unexpected information or demands from the other party. Observee still makes a professional, and friendly impression. She also seems more at ease and calm than in the previous negotiations. The time she spends looking at her notebook is used to make calculations concerning the negotiation, it should therefore not be interpreted as rude or as a sign of a lack of interest. Oral Communication Observee speaks more frequently than during the previous observation, the amount of time she and her partner speak is roughly equ al.She addresses the other party in a friendly tone and with a professional and diverse vocabulary. She still concretely agrees to suggestions while in the middle game of the negotiation, instead of waiting for the end game. Observee seems to feel more comfortable taking the lead in the negotiation, she doesnt dominate though. She leaves plenty of room for her partner and the other party to speak. She is pleasing to speak with and creates an atmosphere of harmony and trust. Questions As the observe speaks more frequently during this negotiation, there were more questions to be observed.She still predominantly asks closed questions, but she asks significantly more open questions than during the previous observation. Observee still seems to use the closed questions as feedback, to see if she correctly understood what the other party said. She seems to use her open questions to gather more information during the opening game. duologue style Ms creates the impression that she has a ne gotiating style which is very inclined to compromise and is aimed towards making the other party feel comfortable during the negotiation.This creates a pleasant environment in which to negotiate, it does however not necessarily yield the best deals. Tips for her to improve would be for her to be slightly less lenient whilst negotiating and spend more time exploring other possibilities and agreements. She seems eager to move from her original position and agree to terms set by the opposing party. It would benefit her, and her deal, if she spent the entire middle game exploring opportunities and saving agreements for the end game. Other than these points, Ms seems to be a good and professional negotiator.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Attendance Monitoring System for Sydney Hotel

Chapter 2 Methodology In lodge to come with good and quality software for the Sydney Hotel, the researchers had undergone into systematic and appropriate stages. Each stage that the researchers choose to punt is surely supplementary to the outcome of the study. Rapid Application Development Model On the other hand, the proponent made use of the RAD (Rapid Application Development) as their methodology. RAD (Rapid Application Development) is a development lifecycle designed to give much faster development and exalteder-quality results than those achieved with the traditional lifecycle.RAD is used by the researchers to develop a high quality system that can both meet the needs of the customers and the call of versatility of the model that can adopt with the changes of the real world requirements. The study will hardly cover up to the 3rd phase of the model excluding the Implementation or the Deployment Stage since this study is restricted for deployment. 2. 1 Requirements Planning/ Concept Definition descriptor In this phase, the proponents gathered information in the form of interview with the help of the Sydney Hotel manager Mr.Elmar Fabiala. Though he was busy to accommodate the request for an interview, he asked Mr. Erwin Genotiva, IT Head, to moderate the queries of the researchers. The interview that happened last January 12, 2013 and January 15, 2013 was conducted upon the availability of the interviewee. After gathering data, the researchers brainstormed and summarized the given information and had identified the requirements of the system to be built. The study will only focus on the attending monitor system of the hotel and not the system of the hotel as a whole.In order for the proponents to come up with the best output, the researchers also conducted an actual intervention/ card on the hotel. This was to observe how the current attendance observe system of the hotel behaves. Through this activity the researchers were able to determine the inpu t and output needs of the system. The main point of this research is to provide solution to the hotels state of dilemma with regards to their attendance monitoring system by developing a stand alone ttendance monitoring system. 2. 2 User Design/ Functional Design Phase The researchers will make use of the Entity Relationship plot (ERD), Context Diagram, and Data Flow Diagram (DFD) to chart the input, processes, and output of the business function in a structured graphical form. These diagrams will help the researchers to conceptualize the necessities in making the proposed attendance monitoring system for the Sydney Hotel. 2. 3 Construction/ Development StageIn this stage the researchers will utilize the information being collected from the first two phases to model the actual attendance monitoring system. They have also worked with the users, to design the outputs that satisfy the needs of the hotel. During this stage the researchers prefer to use VB. Net as their programming lan guage in order to create a good form and screen designs. The recommended system design was highly patterned upon the needs of the company itself. The researchers will make a graphical user interface (Graphical User Interface) out of the given resources.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Importance of Sports and Games

Education without activities is always incomplete. A child may mug up the history textbook, but for how long? May be until the last bell of exams but if it gets a bit of interactive touch, then the same student may have such a memorization and fellow feeling that he will not only just forget it ever in his life but also implement it in his life with an bear on degree of effectiveness. The clear-cut inference is this that if the education is the car then sports and activities be the keys to drive on towards the success Yesterday I read a newspaper report which showed the tendency oildren to remain away from all sorts of physical activities.I felt really sorry to hear this. Friends if you think that if Newton had just studied years and nights to bring to the world his greatest achievement. Importance Of Sports The importance of sports in the life of a young student is invaluable and goes much further than the basic respond that it keeps kids off the streets. It does in fact keep kids off the streets, but it also instills lessons that are essential in the life of a student athlete. Sports play a pivotal role in the makeup of a young athlete, especially in the middle school to high school years where student athletes are much more mature and mentally developed.Where else can a young, impressionable youth learn values like discipline, responsibility, self confidence, sacrifice, and accountability? Television, which may be the most influential tool in the lives of young adults, does not show enough of these qualities, nor is it on the Internet, or radio. Rather it is up to the parents, teachers, sports teams, clubs, and after school programs to help mold, develop, and instill these qualities into the lives of student athletes.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Aggressive Driving Should Be Avoided

The main thesis statement of my speech is on why cellph angiotensin-converting enzymeular promise border use should be prohibited by private road. The radical objective here is to persuade you not to engage in cell phone conversations when behind the wheel, based on the premises that I will nonplus before you. The methodology of this study is compilation of established facts from published internet resources and newspaper or magazine articles.While cellular phones hold been considered rare luxuries a hug drug ago, today it is already a commonplace possession for many individuals. The advances in wireless technology coupled with high public demand have do cell phones affordable and accessible to many.A 2004 MIT survey crimson revealed that the cell phone is the invention that people hate the most but cant bang without, beating out the alarm clock and television. Furthermore, in a 2005 University of Michigan study, 83 percentage of respondents said cell phones have made li fe easier, choosing it all over the internet (Leo pars. 1-2).The Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. cleard a January 2007 estimate that out of the 231 million Americans who owned cellular phones, an astonishing 73 percent of 1, 200 drivers with cell phones used them darn driving. Moreover, the use of cell phones charm driving was highest among young drivers (Insurance Information Institute, Inc. par. 3).Another study made by the Insurance Institute claimed that those who used cell phones temporary hookup driving were four times more likely to get into crashes serious enough to cause injury. This was backed up by the Virginia Tech transfer of training Institute who put distraction as the second most frequent cause of accidents next to fatigue (Leo par. 5).Studies about cell-phone use while driving have focused on several contrasting aspects of the problem. Some have looked at its prevalence as the leading cause of driver distraction. Others have looked at the different risks assoc iated with hand-held and hands-free devices. Still others have focused on the seriousness of injuries in crashes involving cell-phone users and the demographics of drivers who use cell phones.I fully support public safety advocates who are one in saying that while no data directly correlates road accidents to cell phone use, cellular phones are a major distraction while driving. And the longer you are distracted, the higher the chance of a collision.Let me point out some principal findings in a study which are relevant in convincing you that using cell phones can impair driving. Did you know that those who engage in cell phone conversations while drivingmissed twice as many simulated traffic signals as when they were not talking on the phone took longer to react to those signals that they did detect andthat these deficits were the same for those who used hand-held and hands-free phone users (Strayer et. al. par. 9).The findings that motorists who use cell phones while driving are f our times as likely to get into crashes serious enough to injure themselves, are in addition backed up by another study of drivers in Perth, Australia, conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.The results, published in July 2005, suggest that banning hand-held phone use wont necessarily improve safety if drivers simply switch to hand-free phones. The study found that injury crash risk didnt vary with type of phone (Insurance Information Institute, Inc. par. 9).Abovementioned data were concluded from findings in an in-depth study of driver safety and cell phone usage which summarized that conversing on either a hand-held or hands-free cell phone led to significant decrements in simulated driving performance. Moreover, the study suggests that the cellular phone use disrupts performance by diverting watchfulness to an engaging cognitive context other than the one immediately associated with driving (Strayer et.al. pars. 10-11).In effect, this data contradicts the laws that permit only hands-free cell phone conversations while driving because their data suggests that it is not the phone conversation itself that is the interference but rather the central attentional processes.Although inattentive driving may include talking to a passenger, eating or reaching for something, supporters of restrictions on driving while using a cell phone say that the distractions associated with cell phone use while driving are far greater than other distractions. Conversations using a cell phone demand greater continuous concentration, which diverts the drivers look from the road and his mind from driving.Most epidemiological studies to date have found indications of a link between cell phone use and auto accidents, but thither is few query devoted to establishing a causal connection between the two.Despite this deficiency, there is much to be concerned about regarding this issue following the release of an April 2006 study claiming that some form of driver inatten tion within three seconds of the crash attributes to 80 per of crashes and 65 percent of near-crashes.This is supported by the 100-Car Naturalistic driving Study, conducted by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which revealed that the most common distraction is the use of cell phones, followed by drowsiness.There are two dangers posed by conversing on cell phones while driving first is that drivers would take their eyes off the road while dialing and second, the possibility of being absorbed in the conversation may impair the driving ability of the individual and increase the likelihood of endangering the vehicle occupants as well(p) as pedestrians.The latest research shows that while using a cell phone when driving may not be the most dangerous distraction, because it is so prevalent it is by far the most common cause of this type of crash and near crash (Insurance Information Institute par. 2).A summer 2006 research spearheaded by the University of Utah even concludes that talking on a cell phone while driving is as dangerous as drunk driving, even if the phone is a hands-free model.An even earlier study by the university found that motorists who talked on hands-free cell phones were 18 percent slower in braking and took 17 percent longer to regain the speed they lost when they braked. Also, drivers using hand-free phones had to redial calls 40 percent of the time, compared with 18 percent for drivers using hand-held sets, suggesting that hands-free sets may provide drivers with a wrong sense of ease (Insurance Information Institute, Inc. pars. 10-11).

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

World Cup

Intro GOOOOOOALLLLL Many of you throw away probably heard this if youve been near or heard of soccer. Originally, I had not taken surveys for the knowledge base Cup. So by a number of hands, how many of you have heard of the cosmea Cup? Ill be informing you all a little more familiarity about one of the biggest competitions in the world. (Change) Ill be teaching you all about the history of the World Cup, trophys given during the competition, and about the next World Cup. (CHANGE) First, we pass on be discussing the history of the FIFA World Cup.FIFA stands for Federation Internationale de Football Association. * The World Cup began back in 1930 in Uruguay and only consisted of 13 teams. * Out of those 13 teams, 7 were from South America, four from Europe, and 2 North Ameri foot teams. * Henry Winter states in his article that many European nations didnt want to participate because of the length of time to Uruguay and the fear of losing their jobs. * The W. C. occurs every 4 years and destination changes every time. * There have been a total of 19 World Cups, the most youthful in South Africa where Spain won its first W.C. * Stan Collymore states the country that has won the World Cup the most time is brazil-nut tree, by winning the W. C. 5 times and foot race up twice. The second nation would be Italy, by winning 4 times and running up twice. The third is Germany by winning 3 times and running up 4 times. * The U. S. has hosted the W. C. once in 1994. * Matches were held in 9 different cities * They were in Detroit, San Francisco, New York City, Orlando, Chicago, Dallas, Boston, and Washington D. C. Now that weve gone over more or less of the history, lets talk about awards that are won. CHANGE) Second, we give be discussing awards that are won in the biggest soccer competition. * The most important and prestigious award is actually winning the World Cup trophy. * There have been two different trophies used in the World Cup, the Jules Rimet dirt y money (1930-1970) and the FIFA World Cup Trophy (1974-present). * The FIFA World Cup trophy is made of 18-carrat gold and the current holders of this trophy is Spain. * Tony Evans states that the Jules Rimet Trophy was made of gold plated sterling silver and depicted The Greek Goddess of victory, Nike.This trophy was won outright by the Brazilians for winning it three times, but was stolen in 1983 and has not been recovered (CHANGE) * . There is an awards ceremony for individual honors at the end of the World Cup Final. Each individual award is decided by a panel of FIFA heads and the winner is voted by media representatives. * The Golden Ball award is awarded to the best pseudo in the World Cup * The Golden Boot goes to the player with the most goals throughout the tournament * The Golden Glove award goes to the best goalkeeper of the tournamentNow that we have discussed the awards given, we will finally discuss the upcoming World Cup. (CHANGE) Finally, we will be discussing the 2014 World Cup that will be held next summer. * . The 2014 World Cup will be held in the nation of the most winning nation, Brazil. * This will be the 20th world cup ever. * This will be the second time Brazil has hosted the World Cup, the first time being in 1950. * There will be 12 different venues for this event. Oliver Kay mentions the average capacity of each stadium will be 54,846 people. * The World Cup final will be held in the Estadio do Maracana, which holds just over 76,000 people. In conclusion, we have discussed some of the history of the World Cup, awards given to the top players, and the upcoming World Cup next year. You will have a better knowledge and understanding of the beautiful game. Now you can share all of this with your friends and family in the summer of 2014 for the World Cup in Brazil.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Palliative and Hospice for End of Life Care Essay

The notion of death and the process of dying are often experienced as tragedies, especially in the western culture. Thus, the medical model of economic aid performed in our western culture includes life-saving measures and curative treatments. However, there may be a metre in a persons life when a redress may no longer be an option. That is the time when alleviative or hospice business concern can step in to afford the uncomplaining and the family the fortune to maximize the remaining time spent together. This paper pass on compare and contrast palliative care with the hospice model.In addition, end-of-life care related to physical well-being, mental well-being, social well-being, and spiritual well-being will be addressed based on my experience as a student nurse with Hospice of San Joaquin. Finally, the views of end-of-life care will be discussed as it relates to the hospice model. Palliative care and hospice care share a common thread. They are both models of care that ta ke a holistic and personalised approach to anticipate and alleviate the symptoms and suffering that arise from chronic and terminal illnesses (Witt Sherman, D. , & Cheon, J. , 2012).They both encompass the patient and family as the center of care and provide encyclopaedic assessments and comfort measures to patients with terminal illnesses. The care continues past the death of the patient and can continue into the bereavement period for family. Hospice will continue to support the bereaved family up to one year past the death of the patient (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Both models utilize an interdisciplinary approach to care with team members that include physicians, nurses, social workers, spiritual members, work therapists, and home health aids and others.Palliative care can be utilized during any time during the course of an illness and disease process. The cost of cure can be extensive and both palliative and hospice care limit medical interventions that can significantly increase healthcare costs. Data substantiating better quality of life for the patient and the families as well as improved coordination of care have been identified as valuable outcomes in both palliative and hospice care (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010).Both models allow for services to be provided in the home, in extended care facilities, hospitals, and community home-based programs and outpatient clinics (Witt Sherman, D. , & Cheon, J. , 2012). The differences between the programs are centered on the time the care is available. Palliative care is available during any point of the illness from time of diagnosis through the bereavement period for families. In addition, palliative care may be offered while life-prolonging treatments are being administered (Witt Sherman, D. & Cheon, J. , 2012).Hospice care is available during the end of life and typically, but not always, takes place the last 6 months of the patients life. If the dying process exceeds six months, hospice care can be s uspended and restarted when the patients life expectancy falls below six months (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Hospice care may be offered in all settings previously mentioned, as well as hospice units and residential hospices (Witt Sherman, D. , & Cheon, J. , 2012).

Monday, May 20, 2019

Dining Feature

It was an intelligent idea to go against conformity, and Open this kind Of eating place not a Korean dining place. Singling is a slang term for Singapore and Western (English). Its wag holds Asian cuisines that argon not commonly around the metro and Western delicacies which the Filipinos are kind of utilise to. The restaurant had a unique attack on food it is the first to introduce Singapore dishes in the streets of Marking, and mind you, its menu is usually the mall-worthy and overpriced type of menu, but hey, they offer food at a very reasonable price.Walking along Lilac street, a residential and dining road in Barraging whim Dos in Marking, it is quite noticeable that Singling Cafe is a newly opened cafe because for those who go through the place, the stall they are now occupying has long been va elicitt, and with long, I meant really really long. Anformer(a) is when you look from the outside, their idiomatic expression of red and black details over light embrown wooden furniture looks unique compared to the other 3 restaurants beside it. Entering the empty restaurant on a Sunday afternoon, what greeted me was an edgy and laid abide interior design.All pieces of furniture are wooden, a few chairs and the frame of a huge mirror are wooden but are colored red. Their menu is along the counter and also on outgo of all display boards. They also have a chalkboard menu that holds the drinks they have. I alsok a seat on the left side of the diner just across their gigantic mirror with red wooden frame. At my back is a wooden wall with white small frames with photos of food that they offer. The menu on the table is only printed in bond paper, but a clipboard holds it and makes it a little more presentable.I decided to aim 4 dishes, ND below are my reviews on the four MME Green (PH 168. 00) The first dish that arrived is the MME Green, a Singapore dish. The dish looks kind of orange with noticeable bite-sized chicken, and it had a green accent because of the cabbages which are crunchy fresh, hence It came out with a strong seafood and spicy smell, but when once tasted it, it turned out not too spicy and not too neutral. It is spiced just right. You can easily water down the spiciness. No oppugn that the noodles are quite firm because they are fried yellow noodles.I was just mind of confused flavour for shrimps and seafood pieces, but there were not any. I, then, wondered where the strong seafood smell might come from. The dish was so oriental person because of the spices incorporated in it. Juicy Lucy Burger (PH 198. 00) This dish is the shish in Singling. This burger is their best-selling Western dish. The burger bun was presented in a unique way. It was like joint panels formed like a flower. Outside the burger were cabbage strips, a tomato plant slice and a cucumber slice topped with Thousand Islands dressing.These vegetables were also in the burger, but the tomato ND the cucumber were doubled, and instead of cabbage st rips, the burger had a whole crunchy cabbage leaf. The vegetables and the % pound beef cake are drizzled with mustard. The patty looks ordinary, but once you begin eating it, little by little you can notice the melted cheese inside it. It is not a usual patty, I swear, it was spicy and sordid at the same time. The cheese compliments the spiciness of the patty (with spiciness I meant full of spices). braised Pork Belly with Steamed Rice (PH 188. 0) The Braised pork belly and the Rice were served separately. The dish looked patently presented with pork Cuts, brown sauce and spring onions that added a green accent to it. Its sauce is brownish and smooth. It is quite salty and resembles the taste of Showings Sad Sauce. The pork was still quite tough making it hard to chew. The rice goes well with the dish because it helps lessen the saltiness of the sauce. However, it is disgusting that I have already swallowed the rice further the pork stayed in my mouth because it was difficult t o chew. Cereal Shrimp (PH 298. 0) -? Looking through the menu, this dish taken with(p) me cause I have not yet tried Shrimps with Cereals. The dish was served with 3 Fried shrimps and a significant amount of oats as topping. With the oats almost overwhelming the shrimps, the dish was significantly color light brown with orange and green touches because of the shrimps and the curry leaves respectively. Began peeling the shrimps and noticed that it looks well-cooked even from the outside, and I just verified it when I tasted it. It tasted like plain shrimp until I tried it with the oats. It tasted buttery, and the oats were crunchy.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Educational assessments

AbstractionEducational ideas have come into examination for galore(postnominal) old ages. In times of technological conversion, e- estimation has been a stream issue in the earth of educational judgement. The synthetic thinkings of this vicis vexude have gained considerable media c everywhereage that range from signifi foundationt reenforcement to considerable resistance. The media article Exams atomic number 18 a critical lesson by Hilary Douglas, ordain intent as illustrations of mind issue that atomic number 18 brought almost by national unfermenteds opuss. The paper highlights how Continuous judgement has in addition emerged as an attach toing issue to make with e- opinion. In this paper, maven argues the necessity to encounter the offices of approximation in secernate to to the full find out why this revision is macrocosm proposed and the ability to to the full encompass the new chances that modern engineering provides. In add-on, ace outlines or s o of the issues that must be considered and the troubles that must be everyplacecome before uncea palaver approximation and e-assessment can go a complete world. In decision, it is apparent that the age of e-assessment has arrived but at that place are still umpteen an(prenominal) hurdlings to get the part of before the full potency and benefits of e-assessment are put into dominion. groundingIt is with no uncertainty that idea and proving have a strong here and directly on lives and c bothings of immature people. Harmonizing to Black and Wiliam ( 20069 ) Assessment in instruction must, fore some and first, function the intent of confirm uping larning . scarcely what precisely is assessment? Assessment is define by Linn and Miller ( 2006 ) as the procedure of assemblage and discour hum information from multiple and diverse beginnings in order to develop a deep grab of what schoolchilds know, generalise, and can make with their cognition as a consequence of their e ducational beats the procedure culminates when assessment consequences are utilize to better hero sandwichsequent acquisition. Assessment serves many maps and there are large educational additions associated with high-priced idea as Black and Wiliam ( 19983 ) re judgement in their surveyall(a) surveies show that strengthening pliant appraisal produces important, and frequently significant, go everyplaceing additions. These surveies range over ages ( from 5-year olds to university undergraduates ) , across several school topics, and over several statesHowever, in many cases, appraisal payable to copy advance intents in life may be strictly seen as unreal hurdlings to traverse over in immature people quest for employment or farther instruction. This paper ordain spotlight issues sing maps of appraisal that provide assist to understand, how foremost and first, the intent is to back up acquisition.In the eye of many educational professional, an extraordinary assortment of classroom-targeted enterprises have been unleashed on schools over the last decennary and more. All the enterprises with the same general purpose the bet shapeent of student acquisition. idea by instructors, whether plastic or messagemational, is hotshot of these developments that are considered to offer important potency for bettering student s acquisition ( Harlen, 1997 ) . This development is on change of location and cogent evidence of it is one of the latest media articles headlined Exams are a critical lesson ( July nineteenth, 2009 )The article by Hilary Douglas identifies current tendencies and issues sing maps of appraisal and current and future appraisal patterns. In peculiar the article focuses on a statement by the level off of the Cambridge Assessment exam board saying there will be a displacement from handed-down high-stake summational appraisals to be exchangenated by computerised online testing. The thought behind the strategy would be that educateely p ersons could take a trial whenever they are ready and resit these as many times as obligatory to be able to acquire a good grade. Continuous appraisal would wholly replace the three-hour write test, instead than a mix of appraisal of coursework and traditional testing which is the norm.As Douglas ( 2009 ) indicates, nine old ages ago, syllabus 2000 was introduced when students were allowed to recognition their classs as AS students at the ending of their first twelvemonth. However, the debut of constant appraisal, as proposed in the article non in its shape land breakage. Originally A-Levels were assessed by dint of one set of tests at the terminal of a biennial class. They were besides allowed for the first clip to take tests as many times as they liked until they and their instructors felt they had achieved the optimal grade.Even though exam boards such as OCR have already tested e-assessment in environmental and land-based scientific discipline since 2007, and have 1,800 campaigners and 80 schools ( Douglas, 2009 ) utilizing it this summer turn outing to be ordinary for both pupils and instructors likewise, many educational experts warn that the move could be an unfastened penetration to the most dismaying cheating and that proving all students around the state in the same dash at the same clip and under the same fortunes is the lone true expression to be able to comparing the consequences in a meaningful manner.In add-on, Alan Smithers ( cited in Douglas, 2009 ) professor of instruction at Buckinghamshire University, feels that the move must be stopped at all costs. Making flavour about public presentations is nt clear, he says. The better(p) manner of making it is cold-eyed appraisal of pupils undertaking the same undertakings under the same conditions.It is apparent that a move from traditional summational appraisal to uninterrupted appraisal and e-assessment will convey both challenges and chances sing issues of appraisal and perchance contextualise the map of appraisal. This paper will get down with an exam on the map of appraisal and pay peculiar attending to issues this alteration could convey to schools, colleges and more significantly, pupils. Current appraisal patterns in uninterrupted appraisal and e-assessment will all assistance in understanding the issues this alteration in assessment pattern may hold.Functions of Educational AssessmentHarmonizing to Newton ( 2007 ) when sing optimum design features for future assessment systems, it is necessary to bear in head the underlying intent of those systems. Overall it must be taken into account statement that a system which is tantrum for one intent will non needfully be fit for all intents and this is something uninterrupted appraisal and e-assessment intentions need to bare into consideration.The term assessment intent may be construe in a assortment of different ways one will place the three degrees as mentioned by Newton ( 2007 )1. Judgemental Level ( concerns beneficial purpose of an assessment proceeds e.g. intent is to deduce standards-referenced opinion expressed as a class, use normally associated in official paperss )2. Decision Level ( concerns the employment of an assessment opinion, the determination, action, procedure it enables e.g. the intent is to back up a choice determination for entry into high instruction )3. Impact Level ( concerns the intended impacts of running an appraisal system e.g. the intent are to secure that pupils pillow motivated, and that all pupils understand a common nucleus for each topic )( Newton, 2007 )It is of import to understand that where the distinct significances are non distinguished clearly, their distinguishable deduction for assessment design may go ill-defined. In this state of affairs, policy argument is likely to be unfoc lend oneself and system design is likely to widen in efficaciously ( Newton, 2007 ) . So at what degree are the new proposals aimed at?The alteration pro posed by the question of Cambridge Assessment exam board brings a alteration to high-stakes summational appraisal. High Stakes a term utilise to denote those state of affairss where involvement in appraisal goes beyond the immediate domain of educational measuring and beyond those persons who sit the trials ( Messick, 1999 ) . In add-on, as many authors have pointed out, the bets may be high but the proficient jobs associated with appraisal remain the same in that all appraisal, whether high-stake or low-stakes, demands to be legitimate and dependable ( Linn, 20001 ) . American Educational look Association ( 2000 ) noted thatIf high-stakes testing plans are implement in fortunes where educational resources are unequal or where test deficiency sufficient dependability and severeness for their intended intent, there is the possible for existent injury. in that respectfore if anything needs to predominate from these alterations in appraisal, are the demands for them to be valid and dependable. So what alterations are being proposed and what differences are at that place in varietys of appraisal? This now bakshishs one to the non covetous undertaking of briefly happening a differentiation between summational and plastic appraisal.It is non 1s purpose to supply an encompassing literature research on fictile and summational appraisal, but a on the job theory that has been taken into history by dint ofout this paper. The position from Harlem and crowd ( 1997 ) and Harlem ( 2005 ) theory in summational and formative appraisal has been taken into history. Harlem and James ( 1997372 ) attempted to separate formative from summational appraisal by naming contrasting features, for illustration, summational appraisal demands to prioritise dependability, while formative appraisal demands to prioritize cogency and utility formative appraisal dainties inconsistent suit as enlightening, while summational appraisal dainties inconsistent values as mistakes. Harle n ( 2005 ) later developed this statement, and farther clarified the differentiation between formative and summational as followsThe 2 mind intents of appraisal discussed in this article are for assisting acquisition and for sum uping acquisition. It is sometimes firm to avoid mentioning to these as if they were different varietys or types of appraisal. They are non. They are discussed singularly but because they have different intents so the same information, gathered in the same manner, would be called formative if it were used to assist acquisition and instruction, or summational if it were non so utilised but simply employed for unveiling and describing. While there is a individual clear habit if appraisal is to function a formative intent, in the type of summational appraisal there are assorted ways in which the information about pupil acquirement at a certain clip is used. ( Harlen, 2005, p. 208 )Therefore, for intent of this paper it is utilizable to shine up th e points that people frequently seem to believe that the differentiation turns on the nature of the assessment event i.e. , the usage to which assessment opinion will be put. One must take into consideration that whatsoever the nature of a opinion there would be nil formative occurrence unless the opinion was used in an effort to better acquisition. Therefore, even though one mogul sum via summational agencies, there is ever the handiness to supply formative feedback and manager pupils on where they have gone incorrect. This may be done through uninterrupted appraisal.Continuous AppraisalThe abolition of the traditional three hr test to uninterrupted assessment brings issues and chances within the educational musical compositions. Continuous appraisal, harmonizing to Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ( FMEST, 1985 ) , is defined as a utensil whereby the concluding scaling of a pupil in cognitive, affectional and psychomotor spheres of behavior takes history , in a systematic manner, all his public presentations during a assumption period of schooling such an appraisal involves the usage of a great assortment of manners of rating for the intents of steering and bettering acquisition and public presentation of the pupil. This manner of appraisal is considered equal for appraisal of pupils acquisition because it is comprehensive, cumulative, systematic, counsel and diagnostic oriented. Having the ability to continuously measure will simple mindedness the instructor to understand where the pupil is holding trouble and act through formative appraisal. alone what is the intent of this alteration and associating back to the old subdivision, what is the intent of this educational appraisal? In the instance of uninterrupted appraisal, its purpose tantrums on an impact degree, which concerns the intended impact is of running an appraisal system that attempts to guarantee pupils remain motivated, and that all pupils shoot a common nucleus fo r each topic.It is here where even though the proposal is to convey in computerised online testing ( which shall be dealt with later on in e-assessment ) that will bring forwards chiefly summational opinion may be used for formative appraisal. The ability for pupils to resit exams allows both the pupil and instructor to utilize a summational appraisal and if the pupil was unsuccessful in their first effort, utilise the consequence for formative intents. How? This allows the pupil and instructor to turn to where precisely they have gone incorrect leting assessment processs and patterns to develop to back up acquisition and underpin instead than undermine pupil assurance, accomplishment and advancement. James and Pedder ( 2006110 ) provinces, feedback focused on assisting pupils to better sharing standards of quality . This point can non be downplay as the type and quality of feedback to the pupil via formative appraisal has been seen as important in other(a) surveies ( Black and Wiliams, 2008 ) . However, will this alteration make a difference to pupil s perceptual friendship of larning and more so of appraisal? Will these alterations bring large cultural differences to educational constitutions?Entwistle ( 1991 ) financial aids one to understand some of the issues with consider to uninterrupted appraisal and current patterns. The survey had findings that the pupil s perceptual experience of the acquisition environment determines how they learn and non needfully the educational context in itself. It is apparent from the survey that formative appraisal and uninterrupted appraisal may hold a important consequence on what pupils learn and particularly how they learn. Gibbs ( 1999 ) has hence suggested that if pupils see assessment as the course of study, effectual instruction demands to utilize this cognition, in order to utilize the power of appraisal strategically to assist pupils larn. Biggs ( 2002 ) echoes the same fact when he says that pupils learn wh at they think will be assessed instead than what is in the course of study.The alterations from traditional appraisal to uninterrupted e-assessment will conversely, have an impact on the scholar s experience of rating and appraisal finding the manner in which they approaches larning ( Struvyen et al, 2005 ) . Appraisal can therefore be carryed upon logically and through empirical observation as one of the specifying characteristics of pupils attacks to larning ( Entwistle and Entwistle, 1991 Ramsden, 1997 ) . Within the proposed appraisal in the article, pupils are likely to take a strategic or accomplishing attack to acquisition, where Entwistle et Al ( 2001 ) believes the pupil s purpose will be to accomplish the highest possible classs by utilizing good organised and painstaking survey orders and effectual clip direction, something that one along with perchance many other instructors see as a positive and encouraging alteration.Interestingly, Marton and Saljo ( 1997 ) survey serves as a good illustration in finding relation between attacks to larning and appraisal. A sum of 153 pupils from four topics in design and stock degree watercourses participated in the survey from a University. Results showed that uninterrupted appraisals were preferred over a individual appraisal by a 78 % bulk. Some of the popular grounds for the penchant were easiness to test little subjects and hence being able to hit good Markss easy. The coursework Markss can be better because of the burdening given(p) to each of the uninterrupted appraisal every bit good as the ability to construct a stronger foundation as one move from one subject to the other were remarks in favor of uninterrupted appraisals. It forces one to larn subjects decently earlier leading to following subject. Each subject is given mark throughout the uninterrupted manner of appraisal ( Marton and Saljo ( 1997 ) .However, non all remarks are favorable. Remarks against this type of appraisals included exc essively many appraisals robs one s clip to larn other topics and frequent appraisal maintain you on alteration manner all of the clip, no relaxation ( Marton and Saljo cited in Jacob et Al, 2006 ) .What is apparent from research is that uninterrupted appraisal helps to look into on acquisition and that larning happens in stairss, non merely for the concluding test. Does this point to larning scheme adopted by the pupils? They seem to necessitate a cheque on their acquisition through trials, which they prefer in little units. But the logical thinking behind this was non to so much the avidity to get the hang the subject as such, but merely to do certain that their marking was helped.Associating to coursework classs, the survey concluded that those campaigners who follow a serial of uninterrupted appraisals produce an enviable bulk of Higher Achievers. However, informations shows a negatively skewered distribution. This may hold deduction on the surveies dependability as the being o f positively or negatively skewered distributions will be given to cut down the dependability of the trial. However, these consequences are typical for coursework classs particularly if they are designed to prove competence. In uninterrupted appraisal, with reckon to appointments, pupils are supposed to seek for and synthesize information on the footing of its relevance to the given assignment. If formative feedback from instructors is performed right, it should help in the acquisition of pupils. Overall, if the pupil completes and is able to finish the undertakings, they will dumbfound high Markss.The survey besides deliberated that those pupils who did non execute in uninterrupted appraisal experience poorer classs which were reasonably normally distributed. Is the power and influence of coursework evident here? Are some kids helped more than others? It is here where instruction constitution may run the hazard of pass oning to pupils that each unit/coursework etc as stepping rocks to enfranchisement instead than a life-long acquisition experience. Such perceptual experience of pupils encourage a strategic attack to their surveies, and allow them yielding back to plagiarisation, rip offing and utilizing Rules of the game or ROGs as Norton et Al ( 2001 ) name. ROGs are an indicant that pupils behold a hidden course of study where coachs say they want certain things in the appraisal undertaking. hither inquiries of cogency may stand for an issue. Taking into history Cook and Campell ( 1979 ) definition of cogency which is the best addressable estimate to the truth or falseness of a given illation, proposition or conclusion one has to measure whether pupils are accomplishing better classs because they are motivated, working harder, get bying with smaller units or is it to make with an over inclination for pupils to have coaching and specific information that helps them push-up their classs.In add-on, Black et Al ( 2006 ) besides reiterates this by bes peaking that far from advancing an orientation towards pupil liberty, such patterns are interpreted as techniques to guarantee appoint accomplishment and likely aid pupils who are more strung-out on their coachs and assessors instead than less dependent ( Torrence, 2007 ) . Modularization of A Levels is a perfect illustration where greater transparence of larning results and the standards by which they are judged have benefited scholars in footings of the incr backup man Numberss of scholars retained in formal instruction and preparation and the scope and Numberss of awards which they achieve ( Savory et al, 2003 ) . clarity in assessment results, procedures and standards has underpinned the widespread usage of coaching, pattern and proviso of formative feedback to hike single and institutional accomplishment.In add-on, research grounds reported suggests that such transparence encourages instrumentalism ( Savory et al, 2003 ) . Transparency of aims together with extended coaching and pattern to assist scholars run into them is in danger of taking the challenges of acquisition and cut toss off the quality and cogency of results achieved. This is mentioned by Torrance ( 2007282 ) as a move from appraisal of acquisition, through the presently popular thought of appraisal for acquisition, to assessment as acquisition, where appraisal processs and patterns come wholly to rule the acquisition experience, and criteria contour comes to replace learning and is something that needs to be to the full researched if execution of uninterrupted appraisal and unrestricted resit options are traveling to be made available for all curriculum topics. However, at this phase it is imperative to foreground the fact that the survey by ( Marton and Saljo, 1997 ) serves as a good index of what may be experienced in educational scene. However, with a sample size of 153 from merely four topics in Engineering and Business grades from merely one University might demo perceptual exper iences and consequences which are important to that particular survey, but might non needfully expose an association to other educational constitutions. This now leads one to measuring e-assessment and the map of its appraisal and current appraisal patterns.E-assessmentThe proposal of presenting e-assessment brings strengths, failings, chances and menaces to any educational constitution. But before we deal with these it is of import to understand precisely what e-assessment means. The term e-assessment covers the assortment of ways in which figuring weapons can be used to help the appraisal procedure. This might include utilizing computing machines to administrate an appraisal for formative or summational appraisal ( Attali and Burstein, 2006 ) . The proposal of presenting e-assessment is non a new one. Ken capital of Massachusetts ( Chief executive of the Qualification and programme potency in 2004 ) was bullish about the power of engineering to transform the educational experi ence of 1000000s of students, but that was back in 2004, and few experts would state that he has been proved right. In fact, five old ages on, none of the anticipations Boston made on that twenty-four hours has turned out to be right. For many in this field, the large motion has been why, given that technological alteration has happened rapidly in so many other countries of life, the gait of domesticate in this republic means that, for most students taking tests still means scrabbling on paper.However, Multiple-choice inquiries ( MCQs ) are a perfect illustration on how educational constitutions have embraced the development of e-assessment. MCQ can be used as a agency of supplementing or even successor appraisal patterns. The growing in this method of appraisal has been driven by wider alterations in the higher instruction environment such as the crook Numberss of pupils, modularisation and the increased handiness of computing machine webs. MCQ s are seen as a manner of rise chances for rapid feedback to pupils every bit good as a manner of salvaging staff clip in taging. However, there are recognized restrictions with this method. First, research workers discourage the usage of MCQ, reasoning they promote memorization and factual callback, and do non promote high-ranking cognitive procedures ( Scouller, 1998 ) . Some research workers, nevertheless, maintain that this depends on how the trials are constructed and that they can be used to measure acquisition at higher cognitive degrees ( Johnstone & A Arnbusaidi, 2000 ) . The advantage of MCQ with respects to assessment is its high degree of dependability that can be good as an alternate signifier of appraisal.However, the existent trouble for e-assessment has to make with the nature of analyzing. It is a high-stake activity as we have observed antecedently, which is well scrutinised. Boyle ( 2009 ) deliberates that there is echt antipathy to put on the line in this country, within authorities, within suppliers of appraisal, amongst pupils, parents and staff. Because of this, things will be given to travel easy. Boyle ( 2009 ) adds that e-assessment nowadayss some serious practical challenges. Having an full twelvemonth group sit and take an test at the same clip, as happens with major unoriginal GCSEs now, would ask holding two sets of computing machines one for those taking the trials and another for other twelvemonth groups, which is expensive and frequently impractical. This therefore brings with it proficient troubles in implementing such initiatives..Taking into consideration by experiences viz. the positive ICT test for 14 year-olds it is non strong to see why the predicted roar of e-assessment has non occurred. In 2007, authorities had to draw the stopper on a compulsory ICT test for 14 year-olds, developed over five old ages at the cost of ?26 one thousand million ( Mansell, 2009 ) after it was found to bring forth consequences for students that were dramatically different from instructor s ain appraisals of their charges work. It was due to go statutory last twelvemonth, but in the terminal, was offered merely voluntary to schools. Repercussions were highlighted by Andre Harland, head of the examination Officers Association stated, it did foreground some possible large hazards and jobs with e-assessment. The trial involved taking computing machines in a school out of operation at the same clip, and it merely did non turn out deliverable in the end. An issue with dependability in summational appraisal is a cardinal defect as Harlem and James ( 1997 ) reiterate, dependability in summational appraisal is important.In add-on, Boyle ( cited in Mansell, 2009 ) and functionaries from all five tests boards in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, sets out other jobs, including that it may be easier to rip off by looking over person s shoulder at what is on screen, instead than on a desk, and guaranting that high-tech testing does non present some alteration in the criterion of the test.However, it is 1s belief that the proposal made by Lebus is one that focuses chiefly on the computerisation of the externally set and graded high bets summational scrutinies of educational attainment that lead to makings. Surprisingly, was an article by Polly Curtis in the Guardian rubrics Computerised proving probably to replace traditional tests, says caput of board released in the 12th July 2009, stated that Lebus said that traditional-style test would still be available for those who preferred them, but the new system would profit pupils who are exam-phobic. There are some people evidently who get authentically frightened by tests or could nt for other grounds do them well. One must pull vastness to this statement. Merely a hebdomad after the article Hilary Douglas ( 2009 ) stated that uninterrupted appraisal would wholly replace traditional tests, non supplying all the information. This brings to light issues with dependability and cog ency of information the media publishes covering with of import appraisal issues. This demonstrates the ballyhoo artist attack to a serious issues sing instruction, and foremost the use of information.In the instance of A-Levels we already implement uninterrupted appraisal and supply resit opportunities the computerisation of these would be a good starting point for high interest summational appraisal. But why computerise?Why computerize a conventional trial if the new trial is meant to measure precisely the same things? Possibly the most common grounds given are that computerised will delver I. Increased efficiency/lower costsII. Greater flexibleness sing disposal ( e.g. trial on demand V trials at fixed and infrequent times )III. blink scores/feedbackIV. Fewer mistakesV. Positive promotion through being seen to be up-to-date VI. The first measure that must be taken earlier more sophisticated computer-based appraisals can be introduced.( Raikes and Harding, 2003 )At present, mos t of the academic makings aimed at 16-18 year-olds in the UK are assessed through a mixture of coursework and summational pen and paper scrutinies. Written scrutinies are still handwritten on paper, and are frequently criticised for restraining instruction, suppressing schoolroom invention, smothering pupil s creativeness and for being progressively divorced from an of all time more technological universe ( Heppel, 2003 ) . There is hence force per unit area to develop appraisals that make full usage it IT developments, non merely in low-stake appraisals but high-stakes likewise.In pattern this can be difficult to accomplish for two chief grounds, even if the advanced appraisals exist. First, schools and colleges will all differ in the quality and measure of their ICT substructure, in the ICT support and in the degree of ICT accomplishments possessed by instructors. In such fortunes it would be very hard for an scrutiny board to present a high bets, advanced computer-based trial th at would be accessible to all schools and colleges, and furthermore, which would non disadvantage pupils from schools and colleges with destitute ICT resources. In add-on, likely demands for justness in appraisal would necessitate a traditional paper-based test. Second, a really high value is placed in the UK on the care of standards from twelvemonth to twelvemonth, and this would be hard to show clearly since written trials define past criterions. The contention stirred up in the UK in 2002 about the consequences of new A Level scrutinies was caused mostly by the absence of a clear apprehension of the criterions or degrees of demand ( Tomlinson, 2002 ) and how they relate to the old A Level system this once more serves as another illustration as the dangers involved in presenting wholly new types of high bets appraisal.Both equity and the criterions troubles may be addressed by first computerizing bing trials. Equivalent pen and paper and computing machine versions of the same trial may so be analogue that will ease all stakeholder to so concentrate on the migration from pen and paper to computing machine ( Raikes and Harding, 2003 ) .When about everyone is taking the trials on computing machine, it becomes easier to present some invention. By holding a procedure that moves in gradual phases it is believed it will ease the move towards valid trials whilst cut downing the concern about criterions.However, there are already cases where e-assessment is being implemented and demoing mark of success. Literature from Linn and Miller ( 2005 ) that clip required is a major issue when it comes to assignment taging. Two chief factors are to be considered clip spent on administrative undertakings and the clip really spent on prosecuting the pupils work and the proviso of quality feedback. E-tools are developing and conveying positive alterations to instructors. The country were e-tools can do a existent impact on efficiency in disposal providing paperss, easy acces sible to all involved, accepting assignments entries, covering with safe and unafraid storage, pull offing the distribution of assignments to markers and easing the communicating within the marker squad returning taging sheets etc some in add-on to advantages mentioned earlier.Detecting plagiarism was another issue that was mentioned as a major advantage of utilizing e-tools. Having the assignment in electronic signifier means it can be cross-checked against past twelvemonth s assignments and current assignments, and an e-tool like Turnitin can besides test for citations from text books. ( Heinrich et al, 2009 )Overall, if research documents encountered and the deficiency of cardinal scheme from the authorities is any indicant to travel by, one believes that the execution of e-assessment when it comes to uninterrupted summational appraisals still has a batch of development to do, particularly if past mistakes are to be rectified and assurance in it dependability and cogency starts to better. There are promoting developments and as Professor Peter Tymms, of Durham University says The test boards are all on it, they are all accept about it, and seeking difficult to make it. But they have non yet found their manner onward yet. It hence leads one to believe that it is merely a affair of clip before e-assessment replaces traditional signifier of appraisal.DecisionThe purpose of this paper was to critically near appraisal patterns, maps of appraisal and interrogate current appraisal patterns through a media history. Continuous appraisal, formative and summational appraisal and e-assessment were the chief subjects developed by the media article. Within these sub groups there were common subjects covering with cogency and dependability that helped understand the possible impacts these development in appraisal may hold for pupils, instructors and the wider universe.Overall, it is apparent from the research that the map of appraisal is of great importance when planni ng to alter any assessment systems. The passage from traditional summational appraisal to uninterrupted appraisal by the caput of Cambridge Assessment exam board leads one to believe that the assessment way appraisal boards are principal is one of impact functional degree, which concerns running an appraisal system that attempts to guarantee pupils remain motivated, and that all pupils learn a common nucleus for each topic. Due attention and attending will be needed, in order non to put inordinate demand on a criterion-based appraisal. This will take pedagogues to measure what the scholar can make in relation to the undertaking required of them and put small involvement on placing what else the scholar can make. The handiness of limitless resits and importance of criterion-based appraisals may hold serious larning reverberations as a displacement in accent of doing certain that pupils hiting are helped instead than an avidity to get the hang the subject. There has been a move from assessment of larning to assessment for larning and now assessment as larning ( Torrance, 2007 )The proposal made with respects to execution of uninterrupted appraisal as a series of e-assessments is non intended to to the full replace the traditional schoolroom appraisal and that is something everyone in educational constitutions, One believes, needs to take into history. But it can efficaciously complement the latter particularly in the context of big categories. MCQs have demonstrated successful illustrations on how to include e-assessment into the schoolrooms. Increased efficiency, greater flexibleness in working and instant tonss are some of the advantages e-assessment has brought into schoolrooms and schools. However, at this minute in clip, and taking past experiences into consideration, implementing e-assessment in footings of high-stake appraisal options will be difficult to accomplish either due to quality and measure of substructure or equity and criterions. It is tru e that impulse is constructing and as Durham University Professor, Peter Tymms says the test boards are all on to it, they are all believing about it, seeking difficult to make it. But they have non yet wholly found their manner forrad yet. There is no uncertainty that the age of e-assessment is upon us. 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