Adventurous Day Essay

ADVENTURES DAY â€Å"IT WAS RAINNING AND I DASHED TOWARDS A DESERTED BUILDING† with this sentence we should start the essay It was raining and as I dashed towards a deserted building when I was running to find my resort when I had been to a holiday trip GOA during the summer vacation. Previosly when my school’s summer vacation started i was really excited as we finished our exams and got a long holiday after a stressful exams. As days passed I was feeling bored and after some days, I got a call from my friends asking to go for a trip to GOA.As I was feeling bored, to pass my time I had to go for the trip. So we decided to start of the coming Monday ,it was a two week plan .We all were pretty exited about the trip ,after a long wait for about one week the day arrived when we left to GOA,we were going by train as it was more fun and could spend more time. As soon as we reached there we found that there was a vehicle waiting for our arrival ,we all got onto the car and we reached our resort within minutes.that day we all were very tired and so just slept the whole day.According to the plan we had to go to the beach . The next afternoon we went to the beach ,as soon as we reached we foud four wheel cars were there and so we decided to race .the destination was not clear to me but I was going first as everyone else had no much experience as I had cause I had drived the four wheel car several times which goes only on sand.i had no idea where I was going as I was going really fast and even the scene was pretty good following that I went too long which I did not realize until I reached a place where I was surrounded by three sides of water.then I realized that I came too far ,so I decide to follow the way I came but as I was going I reached a place where I found a road where no one was there and so I parked my four wheel car and followed the left side direction and to see it started raining and so I started getting scared and so I started running ,I just felt that some was following me while seeing back I just dashed onto a building which was deserted and then my friends come from the buiding giving m e surprise for my birthday!

Investigating the empirical link between task-based interaction and acquisition

IntroductionThere are three chief parts of this essay. The first portion explains the basic thought or sum-up of the chapter, titled as â€Å"Investigating the empirical nexus between undertaking based interaction and acquisition† ( chapter 3 from the emended volume of Norris and Ortega 2006 ) . The 2nd portion of the chapter relates to, the analysis of some primary surveies, used in the above chapter or experimental surveies analyzed and discussed in the chapter. The 3rd portion of this essay explains task-based interaction ( theory discussed in the chapter ) and the practical deduction of Task based interaction for non-native linguistic communication scholars.Summary of the ChapterWhile some probes illustrate that, undertaking based interactions can ease acquisition of some lingual features, other 1s back up no such relationship. This chapter explains the primary aggregation of work on look intoing the nexus between task-based interaction and 2nd linguistic communication acq uisition. Long ( 1980 ) , for the first clip introduced, interaction hypothesis, by explicating the position that interaction between N S ( Native talker ) and N N S ( Non Native talker ) can be utile from assorted facets. Early research indicated three facets in which interaction can he helpful. First, interaction provides chances to negociate for comprehension, which enhances scholars input, ( Doughty & A ; Pica 1986 ; Gass & A ; Varonis 1985 ; Long 1983 ; Pica 1988 ; Pica and Doughty 1985 ) . Second, it helps learner to gauge the spread between their native linguistic communication and mark linguistic communication ( Schmidt 1990 ) . As mentioned above that, interaction helps in doing input comprehendible. This statement was farther supported by two major Surveies by ( Gas and Veronis 1994 ; Picca, immature and Doughty 1987 ) , they concluded that interactionally modified input ( input in which scholar are allowed to negociate for comprehension ) facilitate scholars in comparing with pre modified input ( input given in simplified manner ) . Long ( 1983 ) suggested that there could be at least â€Å"indirect insouciant relationship† between interaction and acquisition. Probe from Pica ( 1993 ) concluded that, two types of Tasks were extremely effectual, saber saw and information spread, because it involves all the scholars to interact. Surveies conducted by ( Ellis, Tanaka and Yamazaki 1995 ) , ( Mackey 1995 ) , ( Pica 1992 ) , ( Gas and Veronis 1994 ) , ( Young and Doughty 1987 ) exhaustively analyzed the relationship between interaction and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. The consequences of their surveies were rather satisfactory in presuming the being of empirical nexus between task-based interaction and 2nd linguistic communication. This chapter exhaustively observed 14 relevant experimental surveies based on input interaction. All the surveies were selected from about 100 identified surveies during literature search.The basic factors considered for the choice of these surveies were clip of surveies ( 1980-2003 ) , age of participant in surveies ( 15-44 ) , surveies incorporating effectual Communication undertaking and surveies which contained undertakings that surrogate acquisition of specific grammatical and lexical characteristics. Entire figure of surveies analyzed were, ( n =14 ) , out of which, ( n =7 ) surveies were of English linguistic communication, ( n =4 ) surveies were of Spanish linguistic communication and ( n =3 ) surveies were of Nipponese linguistic communication. Majority of acquisition, ( 71 % ) took topographic point in university context. After analyzing the above surveies exhaustively, It was concluded that empirical nexus do be between undertaking based interaction and acquisition, farther research in this field was besides recommended at the terminal of the chapter. This is a good chapter, because it adds a batch to knowledge in applied linguistics. The contents in this chapter are the basic replies to empirical inquiries about 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and learning while nailing inquiry for future research ( Brown, 2002 ) . â€Å"Overall, the writers have managed to collocate a really good structures chapter on a subject of import to farther subject of applied linguistics† Ute Knoch, University of Auckland, New Zealand, on Linguist List 17.3578, 2006.PrimarySourcesfromChapterInteractionist theoretician considers linguistic communication acquisition as a outstanding facet of discourse or linguistic communication is learned through discourse. The survey of colloquial interaction and its relation to 2nd linguistic communication acquisition has been cardinal to research workers. Since 1980, a batch of research has been carried out in order to explore the being of phenomenal bond between undertaking based interaction and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( Gass ; Mackey and Pica: 1998 ) . Interaction hypothesis is derived from ( Hatch: 1978 ) , on the importance of conversation for the development of grammar. Long in 1980 revealed the importance of interaction in his celebrated hypothesis called â€Å"interaction hypothesis† . Since so many research workers have tried to research the connexion between interaction and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.Interaction hypothesis in based on two major claims,Comprehensible input is necessary for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.Negotiation in communicating brought alteration in the construction of interaction, which helps in doing input comprehendible.Rod Ellis ( 1999:3 ) explained interaction as, â€Å"the impersonal activity that arises during face to confront communication† . Interaction plays an of import function in linguistic communicatio n acquisition. It facilitates learner, to grok lingual characteristics of a linguistic communication and provides scholars to take the considerable sum of input harmonizing to their demand ( Long 1996 ) . In footings of input, as argued by ( Kreshan: 1985 ) that, comprehendible input plays an of import function in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. However ( Gass: Meckey and Picca 1998 ) reported that ( Long 1985 ) himself pointed out that comprehendible input, in itself, was necessary but non sufficient to advance the acquisition procedure. Similarly, ( Swain 1985 ) , claims that, through the resulting interaction, scholars have chances to understand and utilize the linguistic communication that was non apprehensible ( comprehendible end product ) . Additionally, they may have more or different input and have more chances for end product. Since in early 1980 and subsequently on in 1996 Long`s account of â€Å"interaction hypothesis† , claimed that, common connexion between acquisition and interaction is widely accepted ( Gass, Mackey and Picca 1998 ) . Similarly, ( Gass 1997 ) examines the relationship of mechanism between communicating and acquisition. As was proposed by ( Long 1996:414 ) , â€Å"It is proposed that environmental parts to acquisition are meditated byselective attending and the scholars developing L2 processing capacity, and that these resources are brought together most usefully, although non entirely, during dialogue for meaning† . It indicates that Long`s chiefly accent is on interactive input ( input that is derived and comprehend through interaction ) . Long clarified that conversation between more competent scholar ( native talkers ) and less competent scholar ( non native talkers ) . The interaction which takes topographic point between less competent and more competent involves elucidation for significance, verification of message significance and comprehension cheques. Pica ( 1994 ) strengthened the importance of interaction hypothesis, by lucubrating the importance of â€Å"negotiated input† in three rule ways. First importance of negotiated input is that, it helps learner to have comprehendible input, which takes topographic point through alteration of address. Learner ‘s procedure input easilywhen breakdown in dialogue takes topographic point. Second Pica suggested that, during dialogue between less competent talker ( N N Ss ) and more competent talker ( N Ss ) , direct feedback to less competent talker is provided. Last Pica argued that dialogue aid scholars to modify their ain end product, in instance of any break down during dialogue procedure. On the contrary, experiment conducted by ( Gass & A ; Varonis ; 1994 ) with the aid of 16 scholars derived the consequences that sometimes dialogue for significance does non assist N Ss to grok N N Ss. Task based interaction has an everlasting deduction on linguistic communication acquisition. It provides scholar with input harmonizing to their demand. Learners interact and simplify significance for them with the aid of dialogue for better comprehension. Comprehension depends upon the scheme adopted by N N Ss in order to carry through the mark of dialogue. Since, in Task based interaction, chiefly the interaction takes topographic point through a â€Å"life like† undertaking, so task seems to be cardinal here. Similarly Bygate ; Skehan and Swain ( 2001 ) explains undertaking as â€Å"A undertaking is an activity which requires scholars to utilize linguistic communication, with accent on significance, to achieve an objective† . Research workers have explored two major inquiries in order to place the effectivity of undertakings.The affect of undertaking on linguistic communication comprehension.The consequence of undertaking on linguistic communication acquisition.Get downing with the survey conducted by, ( Mackey 1999 ) , which is based on the probe of two inquiries. The first inquiry considered, in this survey was ; whether interaction is straight related to acquisition? The 2nd inquiry was about the nature of conversation and degree of engagement in conversation. There exists a direct relation between larning and active engagement of scholars in assorted undertakings, the claim made by ( Mackey 1999 ) . Learners ‘ inactive engagement in interaction makes them unable to accomplish proficiency in 2nd linguistic communication as comparison to learner who participated actively. These two inquiries were analyzed profoundly in this survey. Undertakings used in this analysis were based on a specific standard, that isUndertaking required major and active engagement were used.Task provides contexts for the targeted constructions to happen.The interactive undertaking were chiefly, â€Å"story completion† , â€Å"picture sequencing† , â€Å"picture drawing† and â€Å"spotting out image differences† . These undertakings were designed with the aid of six, native talke rs. Native talkers were trained in the usage of â€Å"pre test† and â€Å"post test† stuff. The consequences clearly confirmed the anticipation that ; active engagement did ease development of 2nd linguistic communication. The ground was that of the cogency of the above undertakings used in interaction, which confirmed considerable development in linguistic communication acquisition. The undertaking based interaction seemed to hold high influence in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Similarly, the survey of ( Garcia and Asencion: 2001 ) analyzed two groups of pupils, comprised of 39 participants. This survey studies, the relationship between group interactions and inter linguistic communication development. Specifically, its relation to listening comprehension and the grammar signifiers production in mark linguistic communication. First the scholars took notes on a mini talk and so completed a text Reconstruction and listening comprehension trial. The two experimental groups were made as 18 and 21. The first group, ( experimental group n=18 ) interactively shared notes for five proceedingss in little groups while the 2nd one, ( control group n= 21 ) , did non interact, although pupils were allowed to analyze their notes for five proceedingss. While analysing the consequence, experimental group scored clearly higher than control group on the listening comprehension undertaking. There was important difference between two groups in footings of interaction, sum and types of L2 words used in joint building of cognition. This survey shows that interaction may hold an consequence on listening comprehension. Input was considered to be of two types ; pre modified input and interactionally modified input as is considered in following two surveies. Survey by ( Mackey & A ; Plilp 1998 ) examines the consequence of negotiated input on the production and development of inquiry signifiers in English as a 2nd linguistic communication. The survey was based on ( Long 1996 ) , claim in updated version of Interaction hypothesis sing negative feedback. Long suggested that expressed negative feedback, which occurs through interaction, may be one manner through which interaction can hold positive consequence. The survey explored the nexus between short term linguistic communication development and recast in linguistic communication conversation. The entire figure of participants in this survey were ( n=35 ) , along with ( n=5 ) native talkers. The participants were from novice and intermediate degree selected from intensive English linguistic communication categories. The native talkers were trained to transport out â€Å"role play† and were provided with reading, composing direction in footings of different undertakings. The survey was successful in footings of its premise. It was derived that recast truly assist in production of developmentally beforehand constructions. Comprehension seems, to be one of the of import factors in interaction. Learners without comprehension can non continue with the interaction. Two different sorts of linguistics environment are suggested by ( Pica ; immature and Doughty: 1987 ) . First, the input that has been modified or simplified, simplification may affect, repeat, limitation of common vocabulary or vocabulary with common or familiar points and so on. Second, doing contributing environment, or environment in which ample of chances for interaction between N Ss and N N Ss are appreciated. In such type of interaction both N Ss and N N Ss modify and reconstitute their interaction and derive significance based on common apprehension. The survey reported by ( Pica ; Young and Doughty: 1987 ) , included a type of undertaking ( listen to make undertaking ) in which scholars performed assorted actions on the footing of comprehension. This undertaking provided pupils with close apprehension, and new lingual characteristics can be easy adjusted with this undertaking. The N N Ss were supposed, to listen to native talkers and execute the action consequently. The native talkers gave description of everything and N N Ss performed the action as directed by N Ss. The chief action was the arrangement of specific points on a little board. This undertaking measured the degree of comprehension, by figure of points, which non native talkers selected and placed right. Two groups were made and first group was provided with pre modified input ( the NS was giving them waies and interaction or communicating was non allowed in this undertaking ) . The 2nd group were placed under status two. They performed the same undertaking but were allowed to interact or pass on in instance of any disagreement in comprehension. Through interaction, they seek verbal aid from the N Ss, whenever they felt any trouble during the arrangement of points on the board. Consequences of this survey provided empirical grounds for the fact that, interaction for dialogue of message between N S and N N S plays an of import function in comprehension. The consequences clearly indicated that interactionally adjusted input surpassed pre modified input ( 88 % vs 69 % ) . The ground is that, it involves interaction in signifier of communicating in conformity to common apprehension between N S and N N S. Listen to make undertakings are really helpful in supplying chances for comprehension and acquisition, Ellis ( 2003 ) . Similarly the experimental analysis of Ellis, Tanaka, and Yamazaki ( 1994 ) has employed the same technique and supported that, interaction facilitates acquisition of certain grammatical and lexical characteristics. The major probe in this survey was that of, the differential effects of â€Å"pre modified input† , â€Å"interactionally modified input† and â€Å"baseline input† on undertaking public presentation. In this survey multi factorial design and two dependent variables, that is, ( listening comprehension and vocabulary acquisition ) and two independent variables, that is, ( pre modified input and negotiated input ) were employed.Results derived from this survey clearly indicated that undertaking based interaction facilitates acquisition of specific grammatical characteristics. â€Å"The merely published survey to prove the consequence of negotiated interaction on comprehension is by Pica et al 1987 ) † . A listening undertaking was assigned to two groups of non native talkers: in one group the non-native talkers negotiated interaction with their native-speakers middlemans ; in the other group, non-native talkers could merely listen. Non-native talkers in the interaction status scored significantly higher on the hearing undertaking, therefore back uping the claim that accommodations, in the signifier of negotiated interaction facilitate comprehension. However the survey of ( Pica et al 1987 ) seems to supply assorted support between interaction and acquisition. An advantage seems to rule pre- modified input on negotiated interaction ( Loschky 1994 ) . The survey done by ( Loschky 1994 ) is based on, Longs suggestion, about the demand of â€Å"clear and direct test† of the accommodation to interaction hypothesis. This survey based on, or is the coalesced version of two major hypothesis, the first 1 is the celebrated input hypothesis ( one + 1 ) by ( Kreshan 1985 ) and 2nd one is related to Longs ‘ interaction hypothesis. Three of import inquiries were observed, with the aid of ( n=41 ) get downing flat scholars of Nipponese as a foreign Language. The of import points analyzed in this survey were ; what does precisely ease 2nd linguistic communication comprehension?Negotiated interaction or non interaction ( pre modified input ) ?Pre modified input or unmodified input/ interaction?If the figure of comprehension ( comprehendible input ) is greater, does it bespeak that the figure of acquisition will be greater?Grammatical characteristics were analysed through the aid of a thorough survey. Acquisition mark was made of Nip ponese vocabulary points and some sentence construction, that is, ( dual noun locative sentence constructions with station positional atoms ) . With the aid of pre trial the existing degree of the scholars were concluded, in the same manner station trial derived the grade of alteration in at that place larning. After a figure of experimental surveies consequences were derived. The experimental consequences derived from this experiment strengthened the research consequences derived by ( Pica et al 1987 ) and ( Gass and Varonis 1994 ) . Consequences indicated that, the degree of comprehension in â€Å"negotiated interaction group† was highest in comparing with the other two groups ( â€Å"Baseline input group† and â€Å"Pre modified input group† ) . The consequences besides suggested that ; â€Å"there is no correlativity between differences in minute to minute comprehension and additions in vocabulary acknowledgment & A ; acquisition of structures† . On th e footing of this experimental survey Loschky ( 1994 ) , suggested that undertaking based interaction does non ease grammatical characteristics in linguistic communication. Output hypothesis claims that â€Å" sometimes, under some conditions, end product facilitates 2nd linguistic communication acquisition in ways that are different signifier, or enhance, those of input † ( Swain and Lapkin, 1995, p. 371 ) . During the interaction between native and non native talker, â€Å"speakers made their inter linguistic communication vocalizations comprehendible when the native talker indicated trouble in understanding them† ( Pica 1988 ) . Apart from the importance of comprehendible input it is presumed that â€Å"comprehensible input† is non sufficient for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, but that chances for the N N Sto achieve more mark like end product is besides necessary ( Swain, 1985 ) . During interaction native talkers ask for verification, elucidation and repeat of non comprehendible lingual characteristics. These patterns during interaction compel not native talkers to modify their end product, in order to do it comprehendible for native talker. Swain called such sort of end product as â€Å"pushed output† . The experimental analysis of ( Pica 1988 ) investigated, Swains` claim, labelled as â€Å"comprehensible output† . Interaction between a native talker and ten non native talkers of English were examined, in order to deduce, that how the non native talkers made their linguistic communication or vocalizations apprehensible, when the native talker show his or her inability to grok not native talker message. The basic concern of this probe is: whether non native talkers would merely reiterate or modify the produced vocalizations on petition of Native talkers. In this probe, there was less of grounds to corroborate the possibility of Swain` claim. Out of 87 possible cases of comprehendible end product in which native talkers requested verification, elucidation, or repeat of the non native talkers utterance merely 44 instances were found in which the non-native talker modified his or her end product and merely 13, grammatical alteration were involved. Pica 1988 expressed that non native talkers are non that much rich in colloquial context of mark linguistic communication to use native like alteration in their address. On other manus it was derived that native talkers modify the produced end product in order to clear up the significance for non native talkers. Similarly, ( Pica, Holliday, Lewis, and Morgenhaller 1989 ) , in another survey, observed the same phenomenon of comprehendible end product. Activities designed in this survey extremely needed interaction, that is, native and non native talker interaction. The consequences derived by this survey were same as of old one. Non native talker produced â€Å"comprehensible output† merely in response to six per centum of the native talker vocalizations. It can be concluded from the above treatment that there is a direct relation between undertaking based interaction and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Research workers such as Pica ( 1994 ) etc, have investigated interaction and acquisition link rather exhaustively. They concluded this phenomenon by analyzing and puting scholars of different educational background. They successfully derive the consequence that there exist a nexus between interaction and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.Presents deductions for non native English linguistic communication learning methodological analysis.As mentioned earlier in the above portion, that â€Å"Interaction hypothesis is based on two of import premises. First, ( Kreshan 1980 ) â€Å"input hypothesis† which provinces that, subconscious procedure of acquisition is possible, when scholars are focused on significance and they obtain â€Å"comprehensible input† . Second, Hatch ( 1977 ) attack of â€Å"Discourse analysis† , which is about realistic discourse, or interaction between native kid and grownup scholar. The importance of interaction in linguistic communication acquisition can be exempted from the claim made by Allwright ( 1984 ) . He stated that, face to confront interaction in category room is the â€Å"fundamental fact of pedagogy† , and farther strengthened his claim by adding, that, â€Å"Everything that happens in the category room happens through face to confront interaction† . Undertakings are the primary instructional tools used in schoolroom room for interaction ( Dave and Jane Wiilis 2007 ) . Undertaking as defined by Ellis ( 2003 ) , involves any four accomplishments of the linguistic communication activities. Wholly, Receptive ( listening and reading ) and Productive ( talking and composing ) activities should be involved in undertakings. Interaction in linguistic communication schoolroom is really of import and disputing from assorted positions. It indirectly and someway straight involves instructor in most of the activities. In order to keep conversation in category pupils, instructor should set a batch of attempts in eliciting the involvement of pupils ( Dave and Jane Wiilis 2007 ) . Linguistic resources are the basic thing which learners deficiency at the initial phases while larning linguistic communication, in such state of affairs keeping conversation is really effortful on the portion of instructor ( Ellis 2003 ) . Teachers` function in undertaking based linguistic communication instruction is the same as of a manager. The two types of attack, that is, â€Å"focus on meaning† and â€Å"focus on form† are every bit of import in linguistic communication instruction. One is related to the right construction in linguistic communication, while the other one is related with the significance of the expressed sentences. Since undertaking based interaction is fundamentally linked communicating, it major focal point should be on significance. Interrupting communicating disturbs the natural flow of scholars. Assorted undertakings are recommended by many research workers in order to do larning affectional in schoolroom. Dave and Jane ( 2007 ) argued that Prediction undertakings ( foretelling future state of affairs in narrative or image ) are of import in order to assist scholars expect about an event with the aid of antecedently learned vocabulary. Pica ( 1994 ) emphasized on all those undertakings for linguistic communication scholars, which are extremely effectual in footings of engagement, that is, Jigsaw and information spread. Similarly Pica and Doughty ( 1986 ) favored the thought of information spread. Negotiation of intending dramas an of import function ; pupil should be encouraged to negociate for intending where they feel any trouble in comprehension. This phenomenon was observed by the survey of ( Mackey & A ; Plilp 1998 ) . Negotiation of significance occurs where most peculiar information is required for comprehension, or the scholars feel the demand of understanding the state of affairs right. Rost and Ross ( 1991 ) suggested three types of schemes for schoolroom interaction, that is, â€Å"Global questioning† , â€Å"Local questioning† and â€Å"Inferential strategies† , for elucidation of significance. Communicative competency is based on Yule ( 1996 ) which deals with the learner`s public presentation. It stated that Learners perform good, when they understand the undertaking. It should me mainly the duty of instructor to help pupil understanding undertaking about their public presentation. Wright ( 1987 ) emphasized on two basic things which should be included in undertaking, â€Å"Instructional questions† and â€Å"input data† . Communicative linguistic communication instruction is a learning methodological analysis which fundamentally aimed for the intent of communicating. Howatt ( 1984: 279 ) accent on the deduction of communicative attack by reasoning that â€Å"language is acquired through communicating. Freeman ( 1986: 123 ) explains that â€Å"when we communicate, we use the linguistic communication to carry through some maps, such as controversy, carrying, or assuring. Furthermore we carry out these maps within a societal context. Freeman ( 1986 ; 125 ) explains the experience of pupils within the context of communicative attack. Task like storytelling, vocals, dramatisation, function drama, image description, narrative narrating, games etc, were included in schoolroom in order to indulge scholars in communicating. As was suggested by Long ( 1994 ) â€Å"Life like† activities are conspicuously the portion of communicative linguistic communication instruction.

An example of community engagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

An example of community engagement - Essay Example However, for purposes of this paper, the example that is going to be given emphasis is a case study of Ethiopian youth participation in a national HIV/Aids program. The project had the objective of planning the actions needed to address the menace of HIV/AIDS (Communities Scotland, 2012). The initiative employed a participatory, learning and action paradigm with 51 young people being chosen to facilitate the process. They then identified youth groups and networks in every region and held workshops and interviews. After this was accomplished, three-day long National Youth Conference was held, in which volunteer participants attend the event. The Youth Charter was launched on a one-day event (Communities Scotland, 2012). This example of community engagement had a number of strengths. To begin with, the approach created youth ownership of the process. In addition, it developed knowledgeable, vigorous youth stakeholders in the realm of sexual health. It also built youth capability to act in response to HIV/AIDS in an effective manner (Communities Scotland, 2012). Despite these strengths of the initiative, the project had a number of limitations. For instance, it required a lot of time, and this may be a limiting factor because many youths may be busy with studies. In add ition, support from experts in the field of sexual health would also have been a welcoming idea, but appeared to be lacking in the project Communities Scotland. (2012). Youth participation in a national campaign: involvement in the HIV/AIDS program in Ethiopia. Retrieved on 4th May, 2012 from

Internet advertising in relation to Cultural groups (Iran vs.USA) Essay

Internet advertising in relation to Cultural groups (Iran vs.USA) - Essay Example The advertisements on the net are outlined considering the exact country wherein the company is situated.They can also be seen by people from other countries. The culture outline wherein this person has been brought up makes him recognize this advertisement in a different way. Consequently, it becomes a prerequisite for advertisers to take into account the concerns involved in such differences while outlining advertisements on net. According to Kennedy (1995) the web as compared to other types of advertising, have a tendency of being high on information, low on creating an emotional reaction and of partial value in strengthening behavior that is on hand. Sutherland illustrates that the net is also different in the sense that it is a medium that involves so highly given that it needs is a high involvement medium because it requires a frequent flow of judgments from the consumer and each snap signifies a judgment.Internet advertisements are capable of and are frequently besieged to a c onsumer outline that sequentially influences the way the point will be established.As Mooij,puts it: Culture is seen by lots of people as the soft feature of global marketing and that its significance is best seen as inferior to other fundamentals of global marketing strategies.... On the other hand Mueller, et al., (1994) claims, that advertising mirrors confined cultural values, it is impressive and influential as compared to culturally insensible advertising. A number of researchers, as a result, have highlighted usage of country-specific cultural morals appeal when developing global advertising promotions and message material (Albers-Miller et.al 1994). Consequently, it is essential that marketers take into close account the principles of a specific culture, since cultural values establish the manner of behaviors and end states for every person. (Pollay, 1983). Therefore, I decided to study the relation of internet advertising to two different cultural groups: Iran and America in view of their perceptions. Culture and Internet advertising Advertising on the Net and Culture appears to be an aspect that may not be influencing each other, however, culture influences advertising on the internet. Edward (2000) has planned a cultural outline, wherein he declared that every culture can be positioned in relation to one another via the manner in which they communicate. In some cultures, for instance Scandinavians, Germans and the Swiss, communication occurs mainly through open statements in text and talking and they are thus classified as Low-Context cultures. In other cultures, like the Japanese and Chinese, messages comprise of other communicative indications like body language and the usage of silence. These advertisements utilize different language adaptations of the site as they are predisposed by culture sensitivity and differences in requirements among cultural groups. Analysis Internet considers contents or design depending on which the site was developed.

The State Judicial Selection Process Assignment

The State Judicial Selection Process - Assignment Example Once a judicial officer ir a judge has been appointed, it would be expected that he or she would serve for a period of one year and then they would be subjected to a retention election based on the positive and negative affirmative yes or no. it is important to note and mention that the one year probation year serves as a litmus test to gauge the service and effectiveness of the judge. In any case the retention panel notes or realizes that the merit and quality of the judge has taken a dip of whichever aspect, the judge would not be re-elected and henceforth lose his or her judgeship position and stature. If a judge is elected his or her term would begin after the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January. Accordingly, there are irreducible minimums that are involved if a person wishes to serve as a judge in the state of Florida. The person must have practiced law and exhibited signs of excellence for a minimum period of ten years. The same person must be below the mandatory retirement age of seventy years, since it is a design that at the age of seventy the judges would have to retire. Another qualification is that the person must be a qualified elector within the legal fraternity and parameters. Intuitively, the vetting committee or panel would have the opportunity and chance to verify and interview an applicant then forward the same list of names to the governor of the state. The judicial nomination committee fronts the names of the three to six competent candidates to be considered for judgeship to the governor who is the appointing authority. In Florida, in case a vacancy occurs such as through resignation or natural death or cause, the judicial nominating committee would conduct vetting on the interested persons. The names of the successful applicants would then forward the name to the governor so that the vacancy would be filled accordingly. In Texas, the selection process

Strategic Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Operation Management - Essay Example To begin with, Schmenner & Swink (1998) argue that operations management has its basis in the known theories of natural science. They argue that the discipline of operations management can explain the reasons why two production centers are not alike in their productivity. According to them, certain deductive laws such as Law of Variability, and the Law of Bottlenecks can explain the ways of improving productivity to a certain extent. Productivity gets hampered due to myriads of variability factors in the processes. It can be measured in terms of labor output, machine output, or total factor productivity output. Similarly, when bottleneck issues are addressed, overall productivity can be improved. The effect of above mentioned laws can be further augmented by certain other laws that have been derived out of real life experiences and they are: the Law of Scientific methods, the Law of Quality and the Law of Factory Focus. The law of scientific methods, for instance, is based on empiric al findings using industrial engineering tools. The law of quality states that productivity gets enhanced as quality of product improves through changes in processes or product design. The law of factory focus explains why outsourcing has become so popular in current times. The rationale is that only core functions are focused within the unit and all other activities such as small component or utility services are procured from outside sources. Other processes or parts are outsourced to those who can better produce them more efficiently and can be assigned as their core activities. In recent years, supply chain management has been a most crucial issue for several transnational companies. They not only market their products globally but operate several production centers across several countries. Their success in these countries depends upon how efficiently they manage and coordinate different activities. Supply chain management is becoming more and more crucial for their success. Se veral theories have emerged in last decade or so that revolve around supply chain management issues. Kor and Mahoney, (2004) argues about resource-based view theory that resources of the organization create, sustain and built competitive advantage of the firm. The origin of this theory goes back to the theory of comparative advantage proposed by famous economist David Ricardo. The crux of the theory lies in its recognition that resources are rare and cannot be substituted to gain competitive advantage. Many authors emphasize that in the changing world scenario, knowledge is a resource that is crucial for gaining competitive advantage. For most modern organizations, this is a discerning characteristic to differentiate from others (Grant, 1997). Strategic decision making has been cornerstone of the successful organization that is where Strategic Choice Theory comes into play. According to this theory, managers play a crucial role in making strategic decision to advance the organizatio n towards fulfilling its objectives (Ketchen and Hult, 2007). McNichols and Brennan (2006) propose Network perspective (NP) as an important theory that can be applied in augmenting supply chain management efficiency. According to NP theory, networks among the support organizations increase competencies and resource capabilities of firms through coordinated activities (Robert and Mackay, 1998). It

Customer Satisfaction and the Banking Industry Essay

Customer Satisfaction and the Banking Industry - Essay Example Other important reports include those by P Carrol and F Reichheld, titled The Fallacy of Customer Retention, as well as the paper by M S Krishnan et al, titled Customer Satisfaction for Financial Services: The Role of Products, Services and Information Technology. These papers have important notes on not just acquiring customers but also retaining them - which is where customer satisfaction comes into play. This paper is based on the case study of ICICI Bank in India. Therefore, the information found on its website was used as well. In this case it is important to note that most of the texts used are journal articles are this is a very topical theme and it requires special classification which most books are not able to offer. With a variety of other papers that revolve around the theme of customer satisfaction and banking services, it is imperative to mention that there is still a lot of scope for research in terms of finding niche markets and catering to customers from these areas with a focus on need specific programs. Customer Satisfaction - Conception and Implications Customer satisfaction may be defined as that sphere within an organisation's operational area where the transmission of information and services with a focus on time and quality takes place. Customer satisfaction is an important tool with which it is easy to harness the potential of expanding one's customer base manifold. In the banking sector, this theory has special importance owing to growing competition and the fact that it is a service based industry where there is maximum human interface. The tools for measuring customer satisfaction include surveys as well as applying statistical analysis like the customer satisfaction index to which essentially... Customer satisfaction may be defined as that sphere within an organisation’s operational area where the transmission of information and services with a focus on time and quality takes place. Customer satisfaction is an important tool with which it is easy to harness the potential of expanding one’s customer base manifold. In the banking sector, this theory has special importance owing to growing competition and the fact that it is a service based industry where there is maximum human interface. The tools for measuring customer satisfaction include surveys as well as applying statistical analysis like the customer satisfaction index to which essentially measures market share and profitability. This will help provide an empirical base for any hypothesis on the basis of which models and programs may be formulated. Factors influencing customer satisfaction in Retail Banking in UK, author Anita Chakrabarty has pointed out how the last two decades have been seeing an increase in competitiveness in the retail banking sector in UK. This has a strong connection with the various activities that have been triggered in the banking industry all over the world. ICIC is a bank that has taken this conception one step forward by applying it in the context of the loyalty business model. Thus, one will find that the banks are now in a race towards consolidation of their positions and mergers. In this regard, they have realized that the primary focus of their activities must be on the optimum satisfaction of the customers.

General Education Teachers Preparedness to Teach Special Education Essay

General Education Teachers Preparedness to Teach Special Education Students - Essay Example From this study it is clear that general educators should not only have knowledge of their content areas, but they should also be prepared to handle students of different abilities. Major areas of discussion on how to training general educators to be effective teachers in an inclusive classroom focus on the accountability of teachers. Teachers need to be accountable during their interactions with special needs students. Different strategies are used to prepare general educators in their teacher education programs. General education teachers should be prepared to meet all the needs of students regardless of their abilities. Interdisciplinary and collective programs ensure that these teachers are adequately prepared for their professional roles and responsibilities. These programs ensure that the teachers and students have a healthy exchange of ideas and concepts. An interdisciplinary approach to education promotes the use and development of core bodies of knowledge on human developmen t, language acquisition, learning theory and linguistic diversity, in addition to the relevant skills, knowledge, values, attitudes and methods. This paper outlines that the preparation of general educators in a core curriculum requires the teacher to have an overview of the sequence and scope of the curriculum. In addition, the teachers are prepared in their subject areas. In this case, the teacher is prepared on curriculum areas of writing, reading, social studies and communicative skills. Advanced preparation of these teachers in these areas can be achieved using seminars and workshops. One of the most effective methods of training general education teachers is using collaborative methods. Collaboration in the teaching practice is a new concept. Currently, training programs emphasize on general, mainstream and special education teachers.  

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 60

Discussion - Assignment Example This is because Osama Bin Laden was its leader, and was responsible for providing it with ideological, as well as spiritual leadership. Despite his death, and the defeat of Al-Qaeda, the nation has not yet healed from this attack. This is because other terrorist organizations have emerged that target American citizens. These organizations are affiliated to Al-Qaida (Riedel, 22). This includes terrorist organizations such as Al-Shabab, operating in Somalia, and ISIS, a terror group aimed at establishing a caliphate in the Middle-East. These groups have managed to target and kill American civilians. This includes the latest beheadings of American journalists in Iraq (Otis, 3). These actions have caused great anger against these terrorist organizations, and United States is seeking to build an international coalition that can fight against these new terror organizations. Prominent Islamic leaders have disowned these groups, denoting that the use of violence against non Muslim members is against the principles of Islam. To fight these groups, there is a need of the government to use a two pronged approach. The government should use the military to prevent these groups from attacking its interests. The government should also initiate measures aimed at promoting religious tolerance amongst the leading religious groups. This is through education, and inclusive

Business research-Second cup Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business research-Second cup - Essay Example Every employee is trained by baristas (coffee experts) on the various aspects of coffee making, including selection of beans, crushing, roasting and other technical aspects connected with the processing of the beans. Hence, all the employees receive training in all aspects of coffee making, including knowledge about growing of coffee etc. (Starbucks Corporation: Competing in a global market, 2003). Starbucks lays special emphasis on building a unique culture with its people – it believes that its true strength are its employees and therefore, they are given good benefits and remuneration and also given stock options, or ownerships in the Company. (Starbucks Corporation: Competing in a global market, 2003). Starbucks does not offer franchises to anybody nor does it envisage doing franchisee business in the foreseeable future. In the North of America, majority of shops are bought, owned and operated by Starbucks itself; however, in exceptional cases, where real estate ownership may not be forthcoming, such as airport locations, grocery chains and major foodstuff establishments, the Company enters into licentiate agreements with Companies who provide access to these places. However, the shops are manned by Starbucks personnel themselves. (Business opportunities. 2007). The reasons why Starbucks do not franchise is because the franchisees may not be able to maintain the highest standards of quality and service which forms the bulwark of Starbucks’ reputation. However, their competitor, First Cup operates through a chain of franchisees. The main problem with franchisees is that consistency of franchises performance over all the territories have to be maintained, and a greater degree of control has to be established. Franchisee reporting also has to be delineated. The degree of autonomy and chain of command which is available to own staff cannot be extended for the

Sunlight on the Grass Essay Example for Free

Sunlight on the Grass Essay For the purpose of this assignment I will analyse two stories. Firstly I will examine the â€Å"Compass and Torch† by Elizabeth Baines and will demonstrate how the objects in the title relate to the characters of the story and represent key themes. I will then discuss â€Å"Something Old, Something New† by Leila Aboulela and highlight the ways in which the title relates to the story. Firstly the â€Å"Compass and Torch† is a story about a young boy setting out on a camping trip with his estranged father. The compass and torch are used symbolically throughout the narrative to reflect the boy’s feelings and relationship to his family. I feel that the compass symbolises a lack of direction or the absence of a relationship between father and son. This can be demonstrated when they are about to leave the car for their journey together at the bottom of the hill. â€Å"The man looks up – for the first time – at the path they will take, which runs from the gate to the brow of the hill. Then he groans: I didn’t bring a compass†. The lack of compass showing with nothing to guide them the chance for them to get closer in their relationship is doomed. However, the narrative continues to suggest that the compass is not required, that with love and hope in their hearts, father and son will always be bonded. â€Å"Compasses are things boys and dads tend to have, but which, when they are alert and strong at heart, they can leave behind.† The compass can also be seen as a metaphor for the pull of the boy between his divorced parents. This idea is shown when the boy had gone upstairs looking for his torch and overhears his Mother and her boyfriend Jim talking in the kitchen. â€Å"The boy might have remembered it, the compass, as they were leaving. But he couldn’t wait to get going, for it all to be over †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And the way his mother said hardly anything, and made her face blank whenever Dad spoke to her or looked her way†. This text demonstrates that mother and father remain hostile following their divorce and reflects the boy’s awareness of this and feelings of being in the middle of it all. The story demonstrates how the camping trip is an opportunity to strengthen the father son relationship, with the torch signifying the path of reconciliation, used as a tool to light the way to a new future. This is highlighted when, as the boy is sitting in his father’s car, he shows him he has brought his torch, representing the boys longing to bond with his dad.â€Å" as the man drops into the driving seat something in the boy’s chest gives a little hop of joy and he cries excitedly, ’oh I brought my torch!’†. This idea is further reinforced in the narrative when we discover both father and son have torches, â€Å"Two torches are for lighting a bigger space in the wilderness, for lighting it together. Two torches are for father and son to back each other up.† Furthermore, the colour of the torches seems to hold some significance. It is shown that the boy has a red torch whilst the father has a green one. I feel this is deliberate and hold connotations similar to a traffic light system where the red torch symbolises the lack of relationship with this father, with no way of moving forward whilst the fathers green torch reflects the idea of rebuilding the relationship, with the possibility of new horizons. Although not in the title of the story the horse is also symbolic of the boy’s mother and highlights further how Baines uses symbolism to represent characters throughout the narrative. For example whilst on his journey with his father a horse appears. â€Å"The horse comes up to the car. She nudges up, puts her nose over the edge of the door. The man bats her away† I feel this represents the mothers need to protect her son and the struggle the boy feels between his parents. The quote above illustrates the father not wanting the mother to be involved, to take a step back. Similarly â€Å"the horse nuzzles the rucksack top and the man pushes her away†. In Something Old, Something New, Leila Aboulela writes about a wedding due to take place between a Scottish man and his Sudanese bride. The title is therefore appropriate to the story as the popular wedding phrase something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue. However, the title goes deeper than that and relates to the story in many more ways representing a number of key themes. The groom is depicted as a man desperate to find himself. He has dropped out of medical school and is unsure on which direction his life should take. He converts from Catholicism to Islam and his new spiritual world seems to have saved him. Indeed, the narrative demonstrates how his view of Islam is different to his brides. â€Å"She associated Islam with her dark skin, her African blood, her own weakness. She couldn’t really understand why anyone like him would want to join the wretched of the world. But he spoke with warmth†. Religion for her seems a flaw, but for him represents a new beginning in life. This theme of conflicting ideas of old and new is also depicted when he arrives in Egypt to meet his bride and her brother. Back in Scotland, her ethnic difference seemed exotic, exciting but once in her home country he realises its nothing new any more â€Å"He became aware that everyone looked like her, shared her colour, the women were dressed like her†. The author also utilises the Nile as a metaphor for the proposed marriage. The Nile is one of Egypt’s most anticipated sights, but on closer inspection the groom finds it is not as he expected â€Å"yes it’s beautiful he replied. But as he spoke he noticed that the rivers flow was forceful, not innocent, not playful. Crocodiles no doubt lurked beneath the surface.† I feel this represents the marriage that his idealised view of his wedding and his bride suddenly turning fearful, with the lurking crocodiles a metaphor perhaps for her overbearing brother. With this fear in place, the groom begins to yearn for the comforts of home and staying at the Hilton hotel represents to some degree the characters longing for home comforts. The Hilton used as sign of the Western world in contrast to the barren landscape of Egypt. †The hotel lobby was impressive, the cool tingling blast of the air-conditioner, music playing, an expanse of marble. He felt soothed somehow, more in control†. Another example of this is when the character struggles to follow the strict Islamic custom of mourning following the girls Uncle’s death. â€Å"He shrugged, he did not want to talk about it, was numbed by what had happened, dulled by the separation from her that the mourning customs seemed to impose.† Furthermore the anxiety he feels about this new culture is noted again â€Å"He had thought, from the books he’d read and the particular British Islam he had been exposed to, that in a Muslim country he would find elegance and reason. Instead he found melancholy, a sensuous place, stripped to the bare bones†. The idea of a new life and a new culture suddenly turning sour in his mind is reinforced with the theft of his British passport contributing to a feeling of a loss of identity. To conclude I feel I have demonstrated how the stories titles relate to the overall meaning of the story and how symbolism is used to portray characters and to enhance the mood and tone of the narrative. Where possible I have provided key examples to support my ideas and to illustrate my understanding of the texts.

Carbon dioxide Essay Example for Free

Carbon dioxide Essay In 10,000 B. C. E a farmer sampled water in which bread had been sitting for an extended period. This sample that he drank brought forth a discovery and the birth of a new beverage to our civilization. The beverage that he drank was the first form of beer. The bread in the water had broken down over time and gone through a process called fermentation that caused a reaction with the water. This allowed the new beverage of beer to evolve. Over time beer has become the worlds oldest and highest consumed form of alcohol in our society where it has stimulated socialization. Since beers first discovery the way it has been made or brewed has been significantly modified. The process that it is currently used involves several steps so that each beer is consistent in taste and full of flavor while containing the four basic ingredients of barley, hops, yeast and water. The first step in the brewing beer is to soak barely grains in a tank of water for several days. Each day the water is drained and cycled so that fresh can be mixed in with the grain. After the several days have passed the water is then drained and the grain is transferred to shallow tanks. Here in these tanks the barely will be stirred vigorously to promote germination. When germination occurs in barely, enzymes are released such as malt diastase. Malt diastase plays an crucial role in the brewing process. It converts the grain into a form of sugar that will be used in the fermentation process which will occur later in brewing. Once the germination process is complete usually after one week, the barely which is now called malt, is roasted in a high temperature oven. This roasting stops the germination process of the malt. The variance in temperature and length of roasting determines the color and the flavor of the brew. This is what causes the differences between the types of beer on our current market. After the roasting is complete the malt is ready to go on with the next step of production where it will be converted into mash. Mash is produced by crushing the barely grains. This is achieved by iron rollers that press the malt flat in a shallow bin. After being pressed it is then transferred into a large copper or stainless steel tank. This large tank is often referred to as the tun. In this tun the malt is mixed with warm water until it acquires a thick consistency. This produces the mash. When the mash is produced it remains in the tun where it is mixed and heated slowly to a temperature of one hundred seventy degrees. The heat causes the enzymes that were mentioned earlier to fully break down into simple sugars. After the decomposing of all the enzymes, the malt then stops being stirred and remains in the tank. This allows any solids to sink to the bottom of the tun. The next step in the process is to drain the liquid mash out of tun. The liquid is drained from the bottom beneath the solids rather than the top so that the solids act as a filter for the liquid. While the liquid is draining a small amount of hot water is poured through the tun to aid this filtering process. Once all the draining is complete the liquid is no longer called mash but given the name wort. Now that wort has been achieved the next process can occur. Wort is transferred into large copper kettles where it will be boiled at high temperatures. The boiling of wort is a crucial step as it sterilizes the liquid killing any bacteria that may have formed during any of the previous processes. Once boiled for a long period of time another ingredient is added to the wort called hops. Hops are flowering plants that produce a small cone when bloomed. This small cone is what is used in the beer production process. When boiled with the wort it adds a slight bitter taste to the beer thats being made. After being added to the wort boiling must remain for an extended length of time to ensure any bacteria from the hops are also destroyed. Once complete the wort will then move onto the next step: fermentation. Fermentation is the process of converting sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. For this to be achieved in the brewing process the wort must move on from the boiling kettle to a large steel holding tank. In the holding tank yeast will be added into the wort to start the fermentation process. Over time the yeast that was added will consume the sugars of the wort and produce carbon dioxide which will rise from the liquid. What remains in the liquid after this transformation is called alcohol. Now that alcohol is produced the liquid is finally beer. Even though the liquid is considered beer the process of brewing is not completely finished. To ensure that the beer is safe for drinking pasteurization must take place. Pasteurization consists of boiling the mixture one last time. This not only kills bacteria produced but the yeast mixed in the wort as well. If not boiled the yeast would continue to grow and produce more alcohol. Boiling eliminates this and allows the brewer to control the alcohol level of the beer creating a more consistent beverage. After being boiled a second time, the beer is finally consumable and poured into bottles for storage. This lengthy process is what creates the beer we consume today. Without beer our society would be greatly different. Beer has allowed us to socially change with the addition of parties and common games such as beer pong. Its allowed us to express ourselves in many ways over time. Its hard to believe that all of these changes resulted from simply a farmer who had a little bread and water.

The Role Of Ethics In Education

The Role Of Ethics In Education The lifestyle of a human being is closely bound with ethical values unlike other organisms living on this planet. This highlights the importance of embracing ethics on our day today activities. According to the New Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary ethics is defined as the moral principles that control or influence a persons behaviour. In other words as mentioned in an article appeared originally in Issues in ethics IIE V1 N1 (Fall 1987), ethics is two things. First ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness or specific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of ones ethical standards. As a person moulding the younger generation, a teacher has to act as a role model to protect the honour, culture and the discipline of the school while achieving educational goals with success due to sheer dedicated service to the teaching profession. Th erefore it is quite obvious that ethics play a major role in the teaching career. There are several ethical rules to be followed for a good moral conduct. To elaborate more on this topic, I have chosen two standards taken from the teaching of ethics of Graduate School at Penn State. At first, I wish to discuss about fairness or impartiality which is one of the most challenging codes of ethics a teacher can possess. It is extremely important to act neutral while judging the performance of a student because being biased towards some students may hurt and lower the self-esteem of other students. Fairness: Recognizing the inherent subjectivity involved in grading, instructors ought to ensure that their grading practices are as objective as possible by creating and adhering to unambiguous criteria.(From the teaching ethics of Graduate School at Penn State). An outstanding teacher understands that all students require equal love and attention. A teacher trying to be fair among the students will not even bother to look at the name on the top of the paper when awarding a grade for a student. Next, let me discuss about showing respect to the others. Respect can be defined as the consideration of self and of others. Teachers and the whole department of academic and non-academic staff work as a team no matter where they come from. Hence being respectful to each other makes a well-oiled team which in turn strengthens the unity of the school. Further, respecting the views and ideas of the learners may help them build their confidence in learning and sharing knowledge. Respect for Persons: Teachers ought to encourage mutual respect among students. Additionally, instructors ought to show respect and common courtesy for students both during interpersonal interactions and in responding promptly to students need for guidance and feedback. (From the teaching ethics of Graduate School at Penn State). Thus it is clear that following ethical rules is a key factor in achieving excellence not only for ones own self but also in the teaching profession as well.. B) As a potential teacher, I see myself as a valuable person capable of delivering a mammoth service to the humankind. My roles include not only teaching but several other aspects as well. Meeting the needs of the learners through effective teaching strategy is my topmost priority. But on several occasions my roles differ from time to time according to the given situation. Sometimes I will have to be a planner with a suitable teaching plan to make the learners understand the lessons better. Sometimes as an assessor ,monitoring and evaluating the students providing appropriate feedback. Next a facilitator supporting and guiding the students to learn on their own, an information provider, conveying knowledge, a resource developer, managing the available resources and a role model capable of influencing a learners attitudes and behaviours. To compare my roles with two other professionals in my organization, I would like to choose a sports coach and a professional school counsellor in th is regard. A sports coach is a professional who works in the school. He/she is responsible for training athletes while understanding the different skills of each individual separately. These include diet plans, training sessions, physical examinations etc. My role as a teacher shows some similarities with the roles of a sports coach such as being a mentor, adviser, supporter and motivator, dissimilarity being that it is done in a more academical context. Examination of the calorie intake and physical fitness do not necessarily include in my roles as a teacher. A professional school counsellor is someone who counsels the students with a genuine heart to solve the problems of them, be it academic or personal. A teacher also plays a role as a counsellor looking into the affairs of the students when they confide in them, dissimilarity being that the teacher might not have a professional training on counseling whereas a professional counsellor must have had. Hence a teacher relies on logical analysis and personal experience in solving problems during counselling. In some instance they may require help from others too. Its important to note that although different professionals work together in a school, everyone should understand their professional roles and invest their maximum effort in succeeding them. C) Teams comprising individuals working together towards a common goal while holding themselves accountable for the team output is known as teamwork. The most valued advantage of teamwork is its efficiency. In team, the work often gets done faster thus saving a lot of time. This is because large tasks are organized into smaller assignments and divided among the team members equally while sorting out the individuals best suited for the job. While working in a team, each individuals unique skills and ideas gets combined effectively and put to usage to produce the desired outcome. These combined skills lead to an increase in creativity. Hence this helps in strengthening the team unity and the team spirit. The team members will also develop a sense of responsibility since they depend on each other for success. Sharing ideas with one another and relying on others feedback gives a better team output close to perfection. While responsible team members invest sufficient time and effort, the low productivity of some members due to lack of commitment and dedication is a setback to the whole team. In some instances, this may cause resentment and a rift between the teammates. Hence a better output is not expected. Some members delay their portion of work. This will not help in finishing the task on time. Contrasting personal styles and difficulty in accepting ideas which differ from their own can result in clashes between the team members thus reducing the efficiency of teamwork. To understand team work better, Bruce Tuckman first came up with a theory called forming, storming, norming and performing in 1965. Later, he added a fifth stage called adjourning. Working individually is completing the given tasks on your own without the help of the others. When working individually, we get to think independently and incorporate our ideas into the task. Hence it develops our hidden potentials. Since there are no intruders, conflicts may not arise. Hence the speed and clarity could be an added advantage. Even the laziest person is put to work here thus giving an opportunity to shoulder responsibilities. The disadvantages of working individually include possible chances of having errors since the task is not checked by the others, no room for variations and a combination of creative thoughts, occurence of some doubts regarding the accuracy of the task and the possible chance of socialization getting hampered. Its important to understand that some activities in the school like the sports meet, prize giving and shramadana campaigns are best done in teams while maintenance of registers, library book keeping system and lab experiments are best done individually. D) Interpersonal relationships are social associations or connections between two or more people. In an organization such as the school, basically there are three types of interpersonal relationships. They are: student-teacher, teacher-parent and teacher-teacher relationships. It is vital to maintain a healthy interpersonal relationship with the others. The student-teacher relationship is a very special one. The teacher should be able to understand the learners and help them out. This is only possible if there was a healthy relationship among the students and the teacher. The teacher-teacher relationship is also equally important because the teacher might decide on lesson plans and strategies according to the feedback and the advice given by their colleagues. Further, planning on several occasions which are to be held at school could be done if the teacher-teacher relationship is healthy. To advice and talk about the short commings of a student, a healthy teacher-parent relationship is required. These types of positive interpersonal relationships can further develop the roles of a teacher while magnifying its effects several times. Sometimes the above mentioned interpersonal relationships end up in conflicts if there was no understanding between the two parties. Due to the uneasiness prevailing among the two parties, the activities meant to be carried out together may not be completed to perfection thus affecting the school as well. The teachers might also not be able to concentrate on their work and may feel restless. This will have a great impact on their professional role. Hence a teacher should be wise and tactful in handling different types of interpersonal relationships so that it may only bring out a positive improvement in their professional role.

An Analysis of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

An Analysis of Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn I can always remember being younger when I just wanted to runaway. I would lay in bed and say "this place sucks, I just want to leave" In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, a young boy, Huck Finn, learns what life is like growing up in Missouri and his troublesome childhood leads him to runaway from home. Throughout the story Huck learns that in order to escape and run away from home, others need help running away too. Huck lies in order to keep Jim, Huck's companion, safe along the trip. In this novel, Twain uses the Mississippi river as a symbol of freedom for both Huck and Jim. Huck was raised in a different way, much different from his friends. Huck's father was a drunk and his mother passed away. For a while Huck had the life of doing whatever he wanted. Huck becomes very sheltered because he moves in with Miss Watson and Widow Douglas. These two ladies believe that Huck must attend school, learn religion, and how to be a gentleman. Huck gets tired of living this way and wants to be free. Once he escapes from Miss Watson's, his dad finds him, making Huck live all alone in a cabin. When Pap Finn comes home, he is drunk and beats Huck. Huck figures out a way to fake his death and escape once again. He floats down the Mississippi river and lives the "freedom life." Huck retreats to Jackson Island where he meets Jim, the slave on Miss Watson's ranch. Huck and Jim decide to team up and escape together. Huck learns that Jim has run away because he may be sold to another ranch, being and slave or possibly being killed. "I hear ole missus tell de widder she gwyne to sell me to OrleansÉ" (p. 54). Floating down the river, Huck uses his lying skills to keep slave hunters away from Jim, " 'Well the five niggers run off tonight, is your man white or black?' ' He is white sir'". Huck lies are used as a survial tool for both Huck and Jim. When Huck and Jim are on the raft they live a peaceful life, except they are unable to escape the evils of society from the outside world. In their route to freedom, they come upon a couple of con men, the duke and the dauphin.

The Story of an Hour Essay example -- Kate Chopin

â€Å"The Story of an Hour† By Kate Chopin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin describes the thoughts and feelings that are depicted in a single hour of the life of Louise Mallard after hearing that her husband has been killed in a railroad accident. As the story begins we are told that Mrs. Mallard is afflicted with a heart condition so the news of her husband’s death is broken to her gently by her sister. Mrs. Mallard’s initial reaction, upon hearing of her husband’s death is one of grief. She wishes to be left alone to grieve in her room upstairs in the house. However, during the hour she spends sitting in an armchair alone in the room, her state of mind changes dramatically. She is faced with conflicting emotions and although she loved her husband and is very upset by his death, she cannot suppress the thoughts that she is now free to begin a new life without the restraints of having a husband. Mrs. Mallard experiences a joy and hope that will change her life now that she only has herself to think about. The story ends in a dramatic climax when Brently Mallard returns home, unhurt and not dead. The sight of seeing her husband alive causes Mrs. Mallard to die of what the doctors’ say is a â€Å"heart disease – of joy that kills.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Story of an Hour† portrays the social status or the Mallard family as working class. We know this because the author tells us that Brently Mallard works on the railroad. Through...

Pizza Hut in Brazil Essay -- Business Marketing Case Study, solution

Pizza Hut in Brazil Starting a business in a new country requires a lot of research. It is important to understand that country's political and economic system as well as cultural values. To establish business in Brazil, Pizza Hut had to study the complex history of Brazilian economy and politics. It is important to remember that Brazil was a dictatorship for 20 years, from 1964 until 1984.1 During this period it was impossible to implement any kind of foreign business in Brazilian soil. After the authoritarian regime was over, Brazil had its first election in 1984. However, it was not democratic. The only ones allowed to vote were political leaders. It was a big step towards democracy, though. The elected president (Tancredo Neves) passed away right after election. His vice-president became the leader and ruled for four years. It was in 1988 that Pizza Hut implemented its first restaurant in Brazil. The economy was beginning to open up. It was only in 1990 that Brazil had its first democratic elections. In 1994 Fernando Henrique Cardoso was elected president. This president had been the minister of finance for the former government and he performed "miracles" in the Brazilian economy. Brazil's economy has a lot of potential. Throughout Brazilian economic history, the government has had an economic policy based on import substitution and it was also trying to switch from agriculture to industry. To insentivate domestic industry, the government established protective tariffs and import quotas. Most of the enterprises were owned by State such as: steel, oil, infrastructure, and others. These firms also received subsidize "long-term credit expand." For these reasons it had been difficult to establish ventures in Brazil. During the 60s and 70s the economy began to heat up and inflation began to rise reaching an average of 20% a year. Consequently, the government tried to slow down inflation by raising interest rates. However, "the large concentration of industrial power resulted in price inflexibility." The prices were high above costs. "Due to the protection, foreign trade remained a small percentage of the GDP." In 1973 the first oil shock caused some problems for Brazil. Even though Brazil is very rich in natural resources, it depends on imported oil. The government had to borrow money, but 50% of foreign debt was done by state owned ent... ... they have different toppings. It is a mix of America and Brazil. It is an American pizza with a Brazilian topping." Pizza Hut remains openly optimistic about its future in Brazil. It took them a period of adaptation to understand the politics, the economy, and the culture of the country. After that period was passed, it was easier for them to make more accurate predictions of what is efficient and what is not. Today there are 63 units of Pizza Hut in Brazil. Nineteen of those are located in Sà £o Paulo. Only this year 2 new restaurants were opened in Sà £o Paulo. As Zani alleged, investment in "advertising, marketing, changes in product, and reductions of prices" caused a positive return for the company. Bibliography: 1John D. Daniels and Lee H. Radebaugh, International Business: Environment and Operations (USA: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998), 181. 2Adelaide de Almeida, "Pizza Hut no Brasil." Interview by Lia W. de Araà ºjo, in person, (December, 1999). 36Reinaldo Zani, "Pizza Hut no Brasil." Interview by Adonias Costa de Araà ºjo, email and fax, (December, 1999). 4Claudia Araà ºjo, "Pizza Hut no Brasil." Interview by Lia W. de Araujo, telephone, (December, 1999).

Student Politics

Students are the backbone of the society and if they are not brought up properly, the future of the society will be darkened. Students have nothing to do with the politics of the country and they have to devote their full attention to their physical, mental, intellectual and spiritual growth. Their studies and the method of education in that age went ahead in helping them to grow properly as an asset to the society. The students have full say in their own affairs and the best way of teaching was by discussion. That discussion involved their personal politics and the politics of students' life.Modern critics who are of opinion that students should be kept away from politics forget that our society within organic concepts can only advance. The students are also a part of our society that is our body. Any organ of the body which is undeveloped makes the body cripple and infirm. Thus we can assume that for the betterment of the society, of the welfare of the student community, for the pr osperity of the nation and for every lasting peace in the universe, the students should be allowed to have their say in all matters, which concern them. But There is also the dark side of it.It has been seen that the students who actively participate in politics often do not pay attention on their studies. The indiscipline and unrest among the students prove that the modern politics has totally failed to tackle their problems. Needless to say that students' prime duty is to devote much of their time to studies. If this period is wasted by any reason, they will have to face life long problems. They become burden on their families because they do not get any suitable job. Even they fail to grasp basic concept of politics. They have no Understanding of national and international issues because they are not mature enough.Thus neither they become good students nor good politicians. They become the mixture of the two which brings total failure to their life. It has also been seen quite af ter that the students play into the hands of clever politicians. They become tools in their hands. They are in favour of student's participation in politics. They try to use the young blood for the welfare of their own party purposes. This endangers the students' life. As far as the former is concerned, the politicians should understand that to meet their selfish ends, they should not misuse the young blood.They should remember that the coming generation would never pardon them. The first and foremost task of a student to attain excellence in their studies any division during students' life would make than a miserable figure in the society. If he is not well versed in his studies, he would not be able to become a good politician. Therefore the students' participation in politics should be limited only to the academic interest and acquisition of knowledge of working of various political systems. The student life must be distinct in order to achieve the best. It must not be mingled wi th politics.

Project Report on Retail

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY freshet consists of twain(prenominal) forgeivities involved in merc plentyising goods and appoint to consumers for their personal, family or househ superannuated use. It c e rattlingwheres gross gross gross sales of goods ranging from auto nomadics to fit beat forth and sustenance proceedss and redevelopments ranging from hair t removeer to air travel and computer education. gross r completely the homogeneousue of goods to intermediaries who re treat to sellers or sales to humansuf interpreturers argon non considered a sell activity. merchandising potful be examined from approximately(prenominal) an(prenominal) perspectives. A producer of white goods a handle(p) wash bug step to the fore machine and refrigerators has many options to puddle off to consumers.It puke sell by dealers, the f sendrnity showrooms (Sony World, Videocon Plaza) or hyper securities assiduity places ( monstrous political machinenival). The sell argonna in India is gamyly f each(prenominal) apart with unionised sell contri more all overing to save 2% of fol confused sell sales. The sell bea in developed countries was withal graduate(prenominal)ly fragmented at the beginning of the furthest ampere- twinkling but the emergence of boastful bonds want Wal Mart, Sears, and Mc Donalds guide to rapid harvest-tide of unionized sell and emergence consolidation of the sell manu incidenturing in the developed countries.Today, in India we involve a rise in the misdirect power and development of a ticker layer which fol geting times the western sandwich lifestyle. Hence, conditions atomic number 18 contributing(prenominal) for the rapid egression of organized sell in India. Organized sell is growing rapidly and we see the emergence of broaden organized sell polish offs like Shoppers spargon, LifeStyle and Westside. We in any case find sell ambles mushrooming solely eachplace the bucol ic. The opportwholeies in sell persistence in India w h wholeucinating join on since Indian sell is on the threshold of a study change.However, with the rapid offshoot in organized sell and incr rest emphasis of manufacturers on earning sales at the sell train, the study of retail has constrain change magnitudely relevant. -1- OBJECTIVE OF invent v To understand the arche vitrine of sell. v To understand the piece and relevance of retail for moving in and economy. v To identify the activities associated with sell v To understand the doingal grammatical constructions associated with retail judicatures v Understanding consumer behaviour in retail v Understanding the splendour of terminus location for retail merchant v To understand the genius of intersection budgeting and unit planning v To understand the concept of relationship merchandising and how does it apply to the retail field. -2- METHODOLOGY This consider is the mixture of supposed as well as a ssist satisfactory k right offledge. Also it contains ideas and breeding imparted by the guide. The in all- alpha(a) data call for for the project was tranquil from various websites and books of reputed authors. The project started with sorting all the raw data and arranging them in perfect gear up.To attention deficit dis vow cling to to the project and to understand the practicality of retail affair, I charter visited various break ins who be the dress hat unitys in retail telephone circuit. gain ground, to understand the consumers fix infract, a cranial orbit behold was alike conducted to find by the tastes and preferences, purchasing habits, expectations of the consumers and so on Analysis of this basal data has been done to actually understand the survey in a better centering. -3- ORIGIN OF sell Although retail does non enjoy the status of an Industry, the sheer coat this behemoth will develop into, is grabbing attention.The line of descent of ret ail in India dates patronize to antediluvian patriarch times when the melas and mandis made heir heraldic bearing felt. The changing socio economic patterns coupled with the usance maturation led to the emergence of the public toilet chime ins, which became a par of the civic planning. The coterminous step was the commercial plazas, which set upd merely shops religious wrap upering a classification of goods and go clubbed in concert. The in dodges ca employ by leave go forth of pose place, toilets and maintenance, ushered in the innovation liberal inter body political taints opening their easy lay showrooms.The opening up of the economy scarcely fueled this dry land- goodization. at that place argon, however, legitimate bottlenecks as well the scar urban center of dapple, coupled with the demanding provisos of the Rent Control Act, act as a dissuasive factor for many players to initiate operations in the main commercialises. This also explains why t he Rahejas forayed into their retail venture- Shoppers Stop. CURRENT SCENARIO The Indian tribe is whooping 1 one thousand thousand with 75% of the pot living in villages and smooth t holds. It is only natural that the agricultural sphere of influence is the wide-ranginggest employer with its theatrical office staff to gross domestic harvest-time pegged at 26. %. sell is Indias heroics industry after Agriculture with most 20% of the economically active world engaged in it and generation 10% of our countrys GDP. The harvest-tide of the effectual minuscular ancestry culture give the gate be attributed to the 6 jillion villages distributed cross agencys the length and breadth of the country. The 12 billion retail outlets in India ar the highest in the world, and cater to the procure deficiency of its pole. It is arouse to none, that the urban Population although just 25% of the integral, is an astounding 250 jillion in size of it and is growing at a rosy- cheeked rate of 7% per annum.The chief subprogram one wood of growth in the retail arena has been the consumer, with the expense increasing at an second-rate of 11% per annum. The Core and the Lower meat sire sum up their sh atomic number 18 in the growth. -4- The Indian consumers obtain require be and tralatitiously reserve been effect by Kirana crazys (corner neckcloths), Kiosks, street vendors, weekly bazaars and high-street shops for consumer dur adequate goods and luxury goods. To cater to this, each city developed its confess identity and obtain cluster, for instance in Pune in that none is MG Road, Bangalore has Brigade Road and Commercial Street, Delhi has Connaught Place, Karol Bagh and atomic quash 16 Extension.India will dupe 358 obtain malls by 2007. Droves of middle- crime syndicate Indians take away broken off their love of traditionalistic stand-alone shops that impart no ACs, organized parking lashings and early(a) public amenities, harmonise to a study by fashion magazine publisher Image. At bewilder (September 23, 2005), In India we cede 96 malls, coering an ara of 21. 6 one thousand million sq ft. And by stratum end the count will shoot up to 158 malls. It will cover 34 million sq ft argona. Currently estimated at $205 billion to grow to $400-500 million, over the next 2-3 course of instructions. v modester cities will fork over rough 12. 8 million sq ft of mall outer plaza by 2007. Ludhiana to account for 2. 5 million sq ft. v Ahmedabad active 3. 4 million sq ft. v Delhi and Mumbai immediately remove maximum number of shop centres. v Gurgoan saw the bear-sizedst in orderion in call of retail outlet. v North neighbourhood has 39% of Indias retail conduct. v East division has 10% of Indias retail sh ar. v West region has 33% of Indias retail sh atomic number 18. v South region has 18% of Indias retail sh ar. v Government and co-operative sector is also making their steps in sell. For example, Kendriya Bhandar, Apna Bazar, M separate Dairy, Super Bazar and so on -5- MAJOR sellER SPACE HOLDERS IN INDIAORGANIZATION Bata RPG Raymond Area Sq. ft 10,00,000 6,00,000 5,42,000 Pantaloon/ boastful funfair 5,00,000 Metro cash-n- nurse Spencer LifeStyle Shoppers Stop Trent Globus Piramyd 3,00,000 2,80,000 2,50,000 2,00,000 2,00,000 1,75,000 1,50,000 The 2nd Annual Images retail Awards (September 22, 2005)v retail Face of the cordial class Kishore Biyani, MD, Pantaloon retail India Ltd. v retail Desti state of matter of the year Shoppers Stop v sell plunk of the Year Pantaloon Central. v Shopping spirit of the Year Inorbit Mall v Retail Brand of the Year Titan v Retail Concept of the Year trustfulness Truck Stop. retail merchant of the Year time quantify sell Big Bazar v Retailer of the Year Catering cargon McDonalds. v Retailer of the Year feed & Grocery Food Bazaar. v Retailer of the Year Health & Beauty VLCC. v Retailer of the Year Entertainment PVR. v Re tailer of the Year surgical incision bring d sustain in Westside. v Retailer of the Year Forecourt sell Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd. v Retailer of the Year Leisure Crossword Book stock certificate. -6- SWOT OF THE intersection STRENGTH 1. Organized retailing at US$ 3. 31 billion, growing at 8%. 2. 2nd deepst contributor to GDP after agriculture at 20%. . Pattern of purpose changing on with shop trends. 4. A Growing tribe will translate to move consumers. 5. Consumer spending increasing at 11% annually. 6. to the highest degree 25 million sq. ft. retail blank shell available. 7. Paradigm shift in shopping experience for consumers pulling in more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than lot. 8. more or less of the entrants to organized retail tally from 3 main categories, and submit ventured into retail as their problem extension. v material E submit Developers v Corporate Houses v Manufacturers/Exporters WEAKNESSES 1. Shortage of quality retail space s at affordable rates. 2.Government regulations on development of signifi crowd outt e relegate(Urban Land Ceiling Act) 3. inquire to stick out Value for Money-squeezing banks 4. Lack of industry status. 5. Retail revolution restricted to 250 million great deal collectable to monolithic urban-rural divide. 6. Footfalls non a clear indicator of sales as actual consumers commence in number. 7. Lack of commodious investments for expansion. OPPORTUNITIES 1. Increasing urban creation-more participants in retail revolution. 2. plus in consuming middle class population. 3. complaisant factors like dual household income has heighten spending power. 4.Spends moving towards lifestyle ingatherings and look on enhancing results. 5. Availability of old industrial lands-prime real estate locked in sick industrial units. -7- 6. second-rate grocery spends at 42% of blockageic spends-presents a huge opportunity. 7. Increase in use of recognition cards. THREATS 1. come up lease/r ental costs bear on project viability 2. FDI restrictions in the retail sector 3. Poor monsoons and offset-toned GDP harvest-tide could affect consumer spending drastically. 4. Archaic com travel by laws argon a hindrance to providing 24/7 shopping experience 5. personalised supporter tolerateed by Mom-&-Pop monetary funds. 6.Un approachability of restricted personnel to support exponential growth in retail. 7. Differentiate taxation laws impeding expansion. retail VIABILITY As per the CII McKinsey report, based on a GDP growth rate of 6-7% per annum, by 2010 the retail sector is judge to be US $ 300 million industry. Some of the major factors hindering the growth of this sector be as fol pocket-sizeds v The non-industry structure and status v The lack of adequate infrastructure v FDI restrictions in this sector v The huge investments required in expanding their securities industrys, v Problems associated with actioning grown(p) funding from lending Institutions. 8- BIG carnival THE INDIAN WAL-MART Pantaloon Retail (India) limit is straightaway avowd as one of the poneers in the transaction of organized retailing in the country with a overthrow of over RS 400 crores in the financial year ending June 2003. The conjunction is headquartered in Mumbai with zonary offices at Kolkata, Bangalore and Gurgaon (Delhi). It has 4 kinds of repositings 14 Pantaloon Family Stores, 7 Big Bazaar implication hyper securities industrys, 6 Food Bazaar Stores with over 6. 5 lakh sq ft retail space across Kolkata, Mumbai, Thane Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Bagpur, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Chennai and Gugaon (Delhi).Pantaloon Retail India Limited is the flagship political party of the Pantaloon group promoted by Mr Kishore Biyani. It has been one of the pioneers in organized retailing in India. It began its retailing operations in India way put up in 1987. Currently, it manufactures and sells ready-made garments with and through its own retail outlets and 2 push asideing barge ins. The companionship plans to shift into the business of discounting in a big way, which is gradeed at the growing middle class segment. It has Indias second wallopingst retail string with 17 retail outlets and two discounting neckcloths mark as Big Bazaars across the country at an estimated retail space of ,01,300 sq. ft. The company plans to double its retail space in the next couple of years. Pantaloon has come up with an excellent revenue poser, focalizationing on appreciate for bullion segment. Pantaloon plans to lay the fall by the wayside number middle and the middle class segment, which forms the freehanded oaf of Indian population. This segment is truly determine conscious and always looks out for value for money. Pantaloon succeedrfully launched its discount neckcloth cooking stove, which targets the wide and growing upper-middle and middle class of Indian alliance.This is totally in furrow to the separate organized retail players, which cerebrate on high kale-worth of individuals. Big Bazaar has steady own brand name calling in its portfolio across product categories. The brands ack right offledge Pantaloon, John Miller and Bargon. Higher serving of own brand sales improves margins, indeed reducing the breakeven level of sales. Big Bazaar has diversified from apparels to household items in its discount stores. This has enabled them to enlarge their basket of broadenings. -9- RETAIL theory The distribution of consumer products begins with the producer and ends at the net consumer.Between the producer and the consumer there is a middlemanthe retail merchant, who links the producers and the ultimate consumers. retail is delimit as a conclusive ascertain(p) of activities or steps utilize to sell a product or a service to consumers for their personal or family use. It is responsible for matching individual demands of the consumer with supplies of all the manufacturers. The word retail is der ived from the French work retaillier, meaning to cut a serviceman off or to break come out. A retailer is a person, agent, agency, company, or organization which is instrumental in stretching the goods, switch, or work to the ultimate consumer.Retailers set specific activities ordinaryly(prenominal) as anticipating customers wants, create changes of products, getting market teaching, and financing. A common assumption is that retailing involves only the sale of products in stores. However, it also includes the sale of function like those provideed at a restaurant, parlour, or by car rental agencies. The selling occupy not necessarily take place through a store. retail encompasses selling through the mail, the earnings, doorto-door visitsany passage that could be used to approach the consumer.When manufacturers like Dell computers sell dependly to the consumer, they also act the retailing function. sell has bend much(prenominal) an inseparable part of our twainday lives that it is a good deal interpreted for granted. The nations that pick out enjoyed the grea render economic and social progress bring forth been those with a strong retail sector. Why has retailing become such a popular rule of conducting business? The answer lies in the benefits a vibrant retailing sector has to strait an easier access to a flesh of products, license of choice and higher levels of customer service.As we all k without delay, the ease of entry into retail business conclusions in fierce rivalry and better value for customer. To enter retailing is easy and to fail is even easier. in that locationfore, in order to populate in retailing, a firm must(prenominal) do a satisfactory job in its elementary role i. e. , catering to customers. Retailers cost and fall back vary depending on their type of operation and major product line. Their advantage is ordinarily a subatomic fraction of sales and is planetaryly about 9-10%. Retail stores of divers(prenominal) sizes grimace distinct gainsays and their sales mess influences 10- business opportunities, merchandise purchase policies, nature or promotion and expense defend measures. Over the stretch forth decade there switch been sweeping changes in the general retailing business. For instance, what was once a rigorously made-to-order market for array has now changed into a ready-to-wear market. Flipping through a catalogue, picking the right colour, size, and type of clothing a person wanted to purchase and then waiting to have it sewn and shipped was the standard practice in the antecedent days.By the turn of the century approximately retailers set up a shopfront where people could browse, eon freshly pieces were creation sewn or customized in the tail end rooms. Almost all retail businesses have abidene a similar transition over the years. DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN RETAILING v changing demographics and industry structure v Expanding computer technology v emphasis on put down costs and monetary values v Emphasis on convenience and service v Focus on productiveness v Added experimentation v inveterate growth of non-store retailing. In todays competitive environment retailers have defined their role in general, and in the value chain in point.Retailers act as gate move oners who try on which new products should find their way to the shelves of their stores. As a result, they have a strong say in the supremacy of the product or service launched by a business firm. kA product autobus of household appliances claimed, Marketers have to sell a new product several times, beginning in spite of appearance the company, then to the retailer and ultimately to the user of the product. It is a well- schematic fact that manufacturers need to sill their products through retail formats that are harmonious with their business system, brand get wind, and market pen in order to ensure a competitive edge.The role of retailers in the prese nt competitive environment has gained attention from manufacturers because outer parties such as market intermediaries and planning partners are enough increasingly powerful. It is requirement for -11- marketers of consumer products to identify the need and motivations of their partners in the merchandise channel. This is especially true in the elusion or new products. The increasing song of product categories followed by multiple brands in each category complicate decision-making for two manufacturers and market intermediaries.Retailers want of optimize sales within the limited shelf space, governed by their individual sales philosophy. Retailers initiate riskiness in apportioning a portfolio of products or brands to offer to their customers. Retailers have to define optimum natural selection of goods to be sell given the by-line major concerns v Selling space available is comparatively unflinching and must return maximum profits. If such space is occupied by merchan dise that is not moving, it will not result in profit. The retailer whitethorn have to mend to essential cost reductions in order to get rid of the unsold lineage. on that point is always the risk of non-performance in term of quality, supplies etc. , which in turn harms the photo of the retail outlet. Retailing is a energizing industryconstantly changing due to shifts in the needs of the consumers and the growth of technology. Retail formats and companies that were unknown three decades ago are now major forces in the economy. in that locationfore, the challenges for retail jitneys the world over are increasingthey must take decisions ranging from pose the price of a bag of rice to setting up multimillion dollar stores in malls.Selecting target markets, determining what merchandise and services to offer, negotiating with suppliers, gentility salespeoplethese are just a approximately of the many functions that a retail struggler has to perform on a interminable groundwork. The world over retail business is holdd by punyer family run chain stores and regionally targeted stores but bit by bit more and more markets in the western world are beingness taken over by billion dollar multinational conglomerates, such as Wal-Mart, Sears, McDonalds, label and Spencer.The large retailers have managed to set up huge communicate/distribution set up, record trouble systems, financing pacts and wide- measure marketing plans. In the backdrop of globalization, liberalization and highly alert customers, a retailer is required to operate a conscious effort to position himself distinctively to face the -12- competition. This is determined to a great extent by the retail mix strategy followed by a company to sell its products. GLOBAL RETAIL-INDUSTRY-RELATED FACTS v Worldwide retail sales are estimated at US $7 trillion. v The top 200 largest retailers account for 30% of the worldwide demand. The money played out on household consumption worldwide increased by 68% in the midst of 1980 and 1998. v Retail sales are chiefly driven by peoples ability (disposable income) and willingness ( consumer confidence ) to buy. v The 1998 UNDP human race Development Report points to the fact that global expenditures on advertising are ( including in developing countries ) increasing faster than the world economy, suggesting that the sector is becoming one of the major players in the development impact. REGIONAL FACTS v Some two-thirds or US $6. 6 trillion out of the US $10 trillion Ameri mountain economy is consumer spending. roughly 40% or that ($3 trillion) is spent on discretionary products and services. v Retail turnover in the EU was just about 2,000 billion in 2001 and the sectors better than mediocre growth looks set to continue in the future. v Retail trade in Europe employs 15% of the European workforce (3 million firms and 13 million workers). v The Asian economies (excluding Japan) are expected to have 6% growth rates in 20 05-06. -13- CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS v date and quality of life are becoming relatively more grand than money 60% of Ameri bums want to lead a simple life. Product performance was rig to be the top purchasing criterion, epoch environmental features were a c omit second in a survey conducted by the Alliance for Environmental Innovation in conjunction with SC Johnson Wax. CHARACTERISTICS OF RETAILING Retailing groundwork be distinguished in various ways from other businesses such as manufacturing. Retailing differs from manufacturing in the side by side(p) ways v There is extend end-user interaction in retailing. v In is the only point in the value chain to provide a computer programme for promotions. v Sales at the retail level are largely in weeer unit sizes. Location is a critical factor in retail business. v In most retail businesses services are as primary(prenominal) as core products. v There are a bigger number of retail units compared to other members of the value cha in. This occurs earlier to comely the requirements of geographical coverage and population density. Direct Interaction with clients Retail businesses have a direct interaction with end-users of goods or services in the value chain. They act as intermediaries between end-users and suppliers such as wholesalers or manufacturers.Therefore, they are in a position to potently communicate the receipt and changing preferences of the consumers to the suppliers or sales persons of the company. This helps the manufacturers and markets to redefine their product and change the components of its marketing strategy agreely. Manufacturers require a strong retail network both for reach of the product and to obtain a powerful syllabus for promotions and point-of-purchase advertising. Realizing the importance of retailing in the intact value chain, many manufacturers have entered into retail business by setting up exclusive stores for their brands.This has not only provided direct contact with customers, but has also acted as advertisement for the companies and has provided -14- the manufacturers with bargaining power with respect to other retailers who declineed their product. Retailing provides rafty sales people support for products which are information intensive, such as in the case or consumer durables. Lower Average Amount of Sales Transaction The average nitty-gritty of sales motion at retail point is much less(prenominal) in comparison to the other partners in the value chain. Many consumers buy products in small quantities for household consumption. delinquent to lower disposable incomes, some consumer segments in India even buy grocery items on a daily ass preferably than a weekly or a monthly bottom. bloodline management becomes a challenge for retailers as a result of the many minor transactions with a large number of customers. Hence, retailers must take disturbance of determining average levels of fall, order levels and the retailer has to keep a tight overtop on costs associated with each transaction in the selling process. Credit verification, vocation of personnel, value-added activities like bagging, gift-wrapping and promotional incentives all add up to the costs.One way to solution this is for the retail outlets to be able to get in the maximum workable number of shoppers. Point-of-purchase pompousness and Promotions A epoch-making relevant chunk of retail sales comes from unplanned or impulse purchases. Studies have shown that shoppers a great deal do not carry a fixed shopping angle and pick up merchandise based on tearaway(a) or situational woo. Many do not look at ads before shopping. Since a lot of retail products are low involvement in nature, impulse purchases of the shopper is a vital arena that e very(prenominal) retailer must tap into.Therefore, display, point-of-purchase merchandise, store layou8t and catalogues become important. Impulse goods like chocolates, snack food for thoughts and magazi nes locoweed sell much more cursorily if they are placed in a high visibility and high merchandise location. bigger Number of Retail pipeline Units Location of retail store plays an important role compared to other business units. Manufacturers settle the location on the radix of availability of factors of productions -15- and market. Similarly, retailers consider factors like potential demand, supply of merchandise and store image-related factors in attitude the retail outlet.The number of operation units in retail is the highest compared to other constituents ot the value chain, principally to stick out the needs for geographic reach and customer accessibility. THEORIES AND MODELS OF RETAILING 1. DIALECTIC parade An evolutionary theory based on the premise that retail institutions evolve. The theory suggests that new retail formats emerge by adopting characteristics from other forms of retailers in much the said(prenominal) way that a child is the product of the pooled genes of two different individuals. 2. GRAVITY MODEL A theory about the structure of market areas.The model states that the wad of purchases by consumers and the relative frequency of trips to the outlets are a function of the size of the store and the distance between the store and the origin of the shopping trip. 3. RETAIL accordion THEORY- A theory of retail institutional changes that suggests that retail institutions go from outlets with wide assortments to nail downd, fix, line store merchants and then back again to the more general, wide-assortment institution. It is also referred to as the generalspecific-general theory. 4.RETAIL LIFECYCLE THEORY-A theory of retail competition that states that retailing institutions, like the products they distribute, pass through and identifiable steering wheel. This cycle can be partitioned into four distinct stages i. Innovation, ii. intensify development, iii. Maturity, and iv. Decline. 5. WHEEL OF RETAILING THEORY A theory of re tail institutional changes that explains retail evolution with an institutional life cycle concept. 6. NATURAL SELECTION THEORY A theory of retail institutional changes that states that retailing institutions that an most effectively adapt to environmental changes are the ones that are most possible to prosper or survive. -16- 7. CENTRAL indue THEORY A model that ranks communities consort to the assortment of goods available in each. At the bottom of the hierarch are communities that embody the smallest central places (centres of commerce). They provide the staple necessities of life. Further up the hierarchy are the larger central places, which carry all goods and services, give in lower-order central places plus more specialize ones that are not necessary.FUNCTIONS OF RETAILING Retailers play a significant role as a conduit between manufacturers, wholesalers, suppliers and consumers. In this context, they perform various functions like sorting, inter dripion bulk, holding gillyflower, as a channel of conference, storage, advertising and certain additional services. SORTIONG Manufacturers ordinarily let one or a variety of products and would like to sell their undefiled gunstock to a few buyers to redu7ce costs. utmost consumers, in contrast, prefer a large variety of goods and services to choose from and normally buy them in small quantities.Retailers are able to balance the demands of both sides, by collection an assortment of goods from different sources, purchase them in sufficiently large quantities and selling them to consumers in small units. The above process is referred to as the sorting process. Through this process, retailers undertake activities and perform functions that add to the value of the products and services sold to the consumer. Supermarkets in the US offer, on and average, 15,000 different items from 500 companies. Customers are able to choose from a wide pose of designs, sizes and brands from just one location.If each manufacturer had a separate store for its own products, customers would have to visit several stores to effected their shopping. man all retailers offer an assortment, they specialize in types of assortment offered and the market to which the go is made. Westside provides clothing and accessories, spot a chain like Nilgiris specializes in food and bakery items. Shoppers Stop targets the elite urban class, while Pantaloons is targeted at the middle class. -17- geological fault BULK break of serve bulk is other(prenominal) function performed by retailing.The word retailing is derived from the French word retailler, meaning to cut a piece off. To expurgate cargo ships costs, manufacturers and wholesalers typically ship large cartons of the product, which are then tailored by the retailers into smaller quantities to meet individual consumption needs. HOLDING lineage Retailers also offer the service of holding stock for the manufacturers. Retailers halt an account that allow s for instant availability of the product to the consumers. It helps to keep prices stable and enables the manufacturer to find production.Consumers can keep a small stock of products at root as they know that this can be replenished by the retailer and can save on inventory carrying costs. ADDITIONAL SERVICES Retailers ease the change in proprietorship of merchandise by providing services that make it favorable to buy and use products. Providing product guarantees, after-sales service and dealing with consumer complaints are some of the services that add value to the actual product at the retailers end. Retailers also offer credit and hire-purchase facilities to the customers to enable them to buy a product now and pay enemy it later.Retailers fill orders, promptly process, deliver and tack products. Salespeople are also employed by retailers to answer queries and provide additional information about the displayed products. The display itself allows the consumer to see and te st products before actual purchase. Retail basically completes transactions with customers. CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION Retailers also act as the channel of communication and information between the wholesalers or suppliers and the consumers. From advertisements, salespeople -18- and display, shoppers run across about the characteristics and features of a product or services offered.Manufacturers, in their turn, say of sales forecasts, delivery delays, and customer complaints. The manufacturer can then modify defective or unsatisfactory merchandise and services. TRANSPORT AND ad FUNCTIONS excellent manufacturers can use retailers to provide assistance with transport, storage, advertising and pre-payment of merchandise. This also whole shebang the other way round in case the number of retailers is small. The number of functions performed by a picky retailer has a direct relation to the percentage and volume of sales needed to cover both their costs and profits.As a result of thes e functions, retailers are required to perform the hobby activities ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY RETAILERS Retailers undertake various business activities and perform functions that add value to the cracks they make to their target segments. Retailers provide well-provided location, stock and appropriate mix of merchandise in suitable softwares in accordance with the needs of customers. The four major activities carried out by retailers are 1. Arrange for assortment of gos 2. recess quantity 3. Holding stock 4. Extending servicesARRANGING ASSORTMENT An assortment is a retailers selection of merchandise. It includes both the reconditeness and breadth of products carried. Retailers have to select the combination of assortments from various categories. The assortments must include substitutable items of multiple brands and price points. They should be distinguished on account of physical dimensions and attributes e. g. , colour or flavour. The small retailer takes assortment decisio n on the hindquarters of his experience -19- on the other hand retailers from organized retailing depend on a detailed study of aside trends and future projections.Retailers need to consider certain factors while devising assortment plans for their stores favourableness associated with particular merchandise mix, store image, layout and the level of compatibility between the existing merchandise. For example, FoodWorld, a steer food supermarket positioned as a one-stop shopping centre, deals in multiple product categories along with all possible variants of brands, stock belongings units, and physical attributes in order to meet the expectations of their consumers and survive in the business.Whereas, Subhiksha, a grocery chain in south India has magnificent assortments of only the fast moving brands rather than all available variants in the market. Their assortment plan is governed by location, size and store image of their stores. BREAKING BULK Breaking bulk means physical rep ackaging of the products by retailers in small unit sizes fit in to customers convenience and stocking requirements. Normally, retailers puzzle large quantities of sacks and cases of merchandise from suppliers to reduce their carry-over costs.In order to meet their customers requirements retailers have to break or arrange the bulk into convenient units. This entire function of the retailers adds value to the offerings not only for the end customers but also for the suppliers in the value chain. horizontal in the earlier days of generic and commodity-based trading most of the retailers used to perform this important function in the value chain. This function receives negligible attention from the retailers now due the introduction of new product categories, such as FMCG and readyto-wear apparel.HOLDING STOCK To ensure the regular availability of the offerings retailers retain appropriate levels of inventory. Consumers normally depend on the retailers directly to replenish their stocks at ingleside. Therefore, retailers, on periodic basis, go along the required levels of stock to meet the regular or seasonal worker fluctuations in the demand. Retailers need to watch over labyrinthine sense between the range or variety carried and the sales which it gives rise to. Retailers have to face the negative consequences of holding unwanted levels of stockfor instance, too shrimpy stock -20- ill hamper the sales volume, whereas, too much stock will increase the retailers cost of operation. Generally, in small towns of India most retailers have arrangements with the nearby warehouses to stock the goods. Some are so small that they have to stock only on the shop floor. Retailers in the organized sector, to a certain extent, are using effective software packages for maintaining adequate levels of inventory. At the said(prenominal) time, retailers avail of just-in-time deliveries with the help of efficient consumer chemical reaction systems, which reduces the burd en of maintaining high levels of stocks.EXTENDING SERVICES Retailing provides multiple services to immediate customers and other members of the value chain. The set of services elongated by particular retailers may be part of their core product offerings or it may be add on to their product or service. Retailers offer credit, home delivery, after-sales services and information regarding new products to their customers, thereby making the shopping experience convenient and enjoyable. At the same time, they provide stocking place, reach to the ultimate customers, and information about the oncerned target segment to the suppliers. For example, Time Zone, the first organized retail chain of wrist tracees in India, started by prima(p) watch manufacturers Titan, set up in all its stores, service centres with meet equipment and trained manpower. This has not only thin the relevance of service providers in the nonunionized sector but has also heighten the confidence of the customers in the retai9l services provided by the particular retail chain, as after-sales service is considered to be an integral ingredient of the watch purchase.CATEGORIZING RETAILERS Categorizing retailers helps in understanding the competition and the frequent chandes that occur in retailing. There is no universally accepted method of classifying a retail outlet, although many categorization schemes have been proposed. Some of these include classifying on the basis of v Number of outlets v valuation account Vs Turnover v Location v coat. -21- The number of outlets operated by a retailer can have a significant impact on the competitiveness of a retail firm.Generally, a great number of outlets add strength to the firm because it is able to spread fixed costs, such as advertising and managers salaries, over a greater number of stores in addition to acquiring economies of purchase. While any retailer in operation(p) more than one store can be technically classify as a chain owner, for prac tical purposes a chain store refers to a retail firm which has more than 11 units. In the United States, for example, chain stores account for some 95% of general merchandise stores. Small chains can use economies of case while tailoring merchandise to local anaesthetic needs.Big chains operating on a national scale can save costs by a centralise system of purchase and accounting. A chain store could have every a standard stock list ensuring that the same merchandise is stocked in every retail outlet or an optional stock list bad the outlets the advantage of changing the merchandise according to customer needs in the area. Because of their size, chain stores are often channel captains of the marketing channelcaptains can influence other channel partners, such as wholesalers, to carry out activities they might not differently engage in, such as extended payment terms and special package sizes.Big stores focus on large markets where their customers live and work. They use techn ology to learn more about their customers and target them with point-of-sale machines interactive kiosks, and sophisticated forecasting and inventory systems. They tend to stock a narrow range of inventory that sells well and maintain an extensive inventory of the fast selling products. Branding is important to them. Pricing is often a reveal area of focus for these retailers. Big stores have many strengths, including regional or national reputation, huge buying power, vast inventory and hassle-free return and switch over policies.Their prime locations, the consistency in their products and services, the fact that they are open when people can and want to shop and the clear reconciled image and identity they develop and maintain challenge the abilities and resources of many small retailers. perchance their biggest advantage is their knowledge in every aspect of their business, from inventory selection to store layout. However, large retailers are not perfect. They have competiti ve unaccentednesses that small retailers can exploit. Most offer the same standardized assortments of products nationally. local managers have little say in inventory selection.Often, sales staff has minimal product knowledge. Staff turnover is exceedingly high. Most large retailers have little connection with -22- the community they serve. They commonly do not offer special services. Larger companies are often slow to recognize and react to changes in their local markets. self-directed retailers can co-exist and flourish in the trace of the big chains by developing a niche within the assorted market. The niche should be developed on the basis of new or unaccustomed product offerings, sterling(prenominal) service and general quality. While value is important, price may be less important.Efficient operations, including critical buying practices, are a must. Customer contact within the niche market must be characterized by high-touch service. The key factor is innovation st ores that do not change will perish. The road to success for the autonomous retailer lies in doing all the things those big chain stores can not or will not do. The flourishing independent retailers embrace the following principles v Be prepared for change. v ply to a narrower niche market and stop competing directly with the big retailers. v moderate more about customers and include trump customers in a database. Invest suitably in advertising and promotion. v fight regular prices and avoid discounting (ensure requisite mark-up). v Buy with precision and search out specialization suppliers. v Maintain essential inventory. v Focus on profit instead of volume (be ready to ache an occasional sale). v Provide preternatural service. v Employ the best possible staff. v Understand the significance of the Internet. blunt margin and inventory turnover is another means of classifying retailers. Gross margin is net sales minus the cost of goods sold and gross margin percentage is t he return on sales.A 30% margin implies that a retailer generates Rs 30 for every Rs 100 sales that can be used to pay operating expenses. Inventory turnover refers to the number of times per year, on average, a retailer sells his inventory. On the basis of this, retailers are classified as low margin low turnoverthose that cannot survive the competitionand low margin high turnover, exemplified by Amazon. com. Jewellery stores and appliance stores are examples of high margin low turnover stores and only a few retailers achieve high margin high turnover. These -23- etailers are in the best position to rubbish competition because their high turnover allows them to reject price wars. The drawback of the classification by this method is that service retailers who have no inventory turnover cannot be encompassed. One of the old means of classification of retailers is by location, generally within a metropolitan area. Retailers are no longer satisfied with traditional locations within a citys business district but are on the constant lookout for surrogate locations to reach customers. Besides renovating old stores, retailers are testing unorthodox locations to expand their clientele.With the advent of the Internet, this area of retailing is probably to undergo tremendous changes in the coming years. Size is often used as a yardstick to classify retailers because costs often differ on the basis of size, with big retailers having lower operational costs per dollar than smaller players. However, in this sphere too, the Internet may make size an noncurrent method of comparison. TRENDS IN RETAIL FORMATS Retail industry is continuously going through changes on account of liberalization, globalization and consumer preferences.While multinational retail chains are looking for new markets, manufacturers are identifying, redefining, or evolving new retail formats. The existing retail houses are also gearing up to face the emerging competition from the organized sector a nd the changing outlook of the consumers. For example, consumer spending is shifting from goods to services. Accordingly the retailers too are fast adjusting to the changing consumer preferences. Consumers are not only looking for the core products or functional benefits from the retailers but also the non-functional benefits, which need to be compatible with their lifestyles.For example, most of the traditional eating control sticks in India such as Haldiram, Bikaner and Sagar Ratna have revised their product offerings and atmospheric static on the lines of the multinational chains to argue with them and to serve changed expectations of the consumers. Mom-and-pop Stores and Traditional Kirana Stores The retail sector is changing as new store categories have started dominating the marketplace. Mass merchandisers (Wal-Mart, Big Bazaar), discount clubs (Subhiksha), -24- so-called category killers ( spot Depot, Vishal chain), and speciality retailers (Time Zone, Tanishq) have all de veloped a thriving retail models.At the same time, the small mom-and-pop stores and the traditional department stores, are finding the competition intense. In 2002, while Wal-Mart and Target saw revenues grow (by 12% and 10%, singlely), department stores such as Saks and Federated experienced declining revenues (down 3% and 1% respectively). But even in the mass-merchandising segment, the competition is fierce, as is evidenced by Kmarts bankruptcy announcement in 2002. Small independent stores, across product categories, is a very common retail formats they are also undertaking large scale renovations to appeal and attract their target consumer segments.E-commerce The amount of retail business being conducted on the Internet is growing every year. Indeed, Forrester research Agency projects e-commerce revenue to rise to $123 billion in 2004, an increase of some 28% over the previous year and for e-tailing to comprise a bigger slice of the overall retail pie (5. 6%, up from 4. 5% in 2003). Many major retail organizations and manufacturers have online retail stores. Companies like Amazon. com and source and second. com, which helped pioneer the retail e-commerce concept, are now being followed by bricks-and-mortar and catalogue retailers like J.Crew, which are expanding retail e-commerce into new markets. incision Stores A few years ago, name like Sears, J. C. Penney, Macys, and Montgomery Ward predominate malls and downtowns all over America. Over the last decade or so, however, these department stores have suffered badly. In part, this is a result of changing shopping patterns and increased competition from discount stores. It has also come from financial burdens incurred by companies that acquired competing companies and grew too fast. It is unlikely that these players will mellow out from the market.However, they should be ready to expect more bumps as the strong get stronger and the weak get absorbed. -25- ignore Stores These are giants such as Wal -Mart (the largest retailer in the world, with more than a million employees), Target and Kmart, as well as membership warehouses, such as Costco. These, along with the category killers, have changed the landscape of both the retail industry and America. Where once mom-and-pop and department stores dominated retail, now the discount retailers and category killers are at the top of the heap.And where once shopping malls, anchored by at least one major department store, used to be the possessive retail presence lining the nations roads, now it is the behemoth Wal-Marts and Home Depots. Category Killers These are the giant retailers that dominate one area of merchandise (e. g. , seat Depot, Tower Records and The Sports Authority). They are able to buy bathroom tiles, file cabinets, electronic goods or pet food in such huge volumes that they can then sell them at prices even fairly large competitors cannot match.The future of this category is better than that of many of the more gener al discounters, but the same employment caveats apply. For most job seekers, these companies offer earn-and-learn experiences with vendors and distributors before they move onward and upward. distinctive feature Stores These include Crate & Barrel, the Body Shop, and capital of Seychelless Secret. These stores concentrate on one type of merchandise and offer it in a manner that makes it special. Some are very high-end (Louis Vuitton) while others cater to the price-conscious populace (Old Navy).Many are so successful that department stores have started to emulate their buying, marketing, and merchandise display strategies. Industry experts predict growth in this segment, particularly in home furnishings and home improvement, and it seems to attract many of the best and brightest in retail. Promotion and responsibility come quickly to those willing to work hard, and in many of these stores the hand of bureaucracy is not heavy. -26- E-tailers While most retailers have online storefr onts, stringently online purveyors with no bricksand-mortar counterparts are hoping to snare a percentage of the retail profit.Major players, such as Amazon. com, have generated enough business to cause top brick-andmortar competitors to come up with their own Internet sites. Traditional retailers like Wal-Mart and Starbucks, hugely successful in their own right, have also set up online stores so as not to miss out on the revenue opportunities that the Interned offers. -27- BARISTA Barista positioned its outlets as a place where people meet each other in an environment, which fulfills both their social and intellectual needs. The music is not too loud and encourages conversation, and the person git the counter is non-intrusive and friendly.Any consumer knows that even when it is crowd at Barista, you will have your share of privacy. This is because the other consumer is not listening in he is too involved in himself. MARGIN FREE MARKETS Margin eject Markets is the largest retail chain in the state of Kerala and one of the leading retail chains in India. The first outlet of this chain started functioning on 26 January 1994 at Thiruvananthapuram. There are before long more than 275 franchisees of Margin dispense with Markets spread all over south India. The outlets are franchises and are not actually possess by the chain.The Consumer Protection and Guidance Society currently control Margin trim Markets, which is registered kindly institution that started functioning in 1993. The consumers are assured of quality, quantity and fair price of the goods sold through the Margin drop off Markets. Any retailer can boost his shop to a Margin Free outlet by sending in an application to the society. If his application is accepted, he has to make the necessary investment as required. These shops deal in the enter gamut of foods required by a home for its monthly onsumption, grocery, food and non-food FMCG items, fruits and vegetables, consumer goods and household articles. Margin Free outlets are typical discount stores, offering one-stop-shop convenience and self service facility at significant discount to its customers. Most of these customers, in time, turn out to be its permanents customers by taking discounts cards, which permit them to obtain larger discounts than the non-card holders. The necessity to offer protection against the lift prices gave birth to the idea of Margin Free Markets. An enthusiastic entrepreneur, named Mr N.Ravikumar, conceived the idea. The idea turned out to be an instant success in Kerala especially because Kerala is more of, a consumer state than a producing state Kerala depends on her neighbouring states for her consumer needs. Due to the large number of intermediaries involved and the transportation costs, the prices are high and there is a wide fluctuation in the prices of groceries, fruits and vegetables. -28- RETAIL ORGANIZATION The term retail organization refers to the basic format or structure of a r etail business designed to cater to the needs of the end customer.Recently, some scholars have started referring to India as a nation of shopkeepers. This epithet has its roots in the huge number of retail enterprises in India, which were over 12 million in 2003. intimately 78% of these are small family businesses utilizing only household labour. Retail firms may be independently own, parts of a retail chain, operated as a franchisee, leased departments, owned by manufacturers or wholesalers, consumersowned or co-operative society. A retail unit could be owned by v Manufacturer (e. g. , company owned retail outlets) v interlocutor (e. g. Vastra outlet in Rajouri in juvenile Delhi) v Independent retailer (Chanakya scented Shop near Hazratganj in Lucknow) v Consumer (consumer owned grocery stores in man y residential societies) v Co-operative society (e. g. , Mother Dairy milk booths in Delhi) v Government (e. g. , Cottage Emporia) v ownership shared among franchiser and franchi see (e. g. , Archies Gallery) Although most Indian retailers fall in the category of diminished units, there are also some very big retailers. Organized retail stores are generally characterized by large, professionally managed store formats providing goods and services hat appeal to customers, in an ambience that is conducive for shopping and provides a memorable experience to customers. From pose and operating perspectives, each ownership format serves a marketplace niche and presents certain advantages and disadvantages. Retail executives must not lose sight of this in playing up their strengths and working around their weaknesses. THE CHANGING social structure OF RETAILING All dynamic developments in retailing, from the birth of departmental stores in the last century to the recent emergence of warehouse clubs and hypermarkets, have been -29- responses to a changing environment.Changing customer demand, new technologies, intense competition, and social changes create new oppo rtunities even as they shake up existing business. The retail business formats have been changing very fast mainly due to proficient influences. The Internet and the Web technologies have created a myriad f opportunities for the Web-based business model of retailing. This has created a competition for the retailer with its own self. Besides, the challenge for the retailer now is to keep abreast of these latest formats in order to maintain and grow its share of market and vie within its band of retailers.A key impact of technology has been provision of greater information to the customer. Hence, a big challenge for the retailer in the information savvy world of today is that the opportunities for price differentiate itself qualitatively by superior customer services or better value for money to the customer. CLASSIFICATION OF RETAIL UNITS Conceptual classification of a business unit provides the marketers with strategic guidelines, useful in the design of retailing strategy. Beside s, retail businesses are extremely diverse and there are quite a few types of retail units.Therefore, retail units are classified on multiple of ownership, geographical locations, kind of customer interaction level of services provided etc. Retailers Classified on the Basis of Ownership One of the first decisions that the retailer has to make as a business owner is how the company should be structured. This decision is likely to have long-term implications, so it is important to consult with an accountant and attorney to help one select preferred ownership structure. There are four basic legal forms of ownership for retailers 1. Sole proprietorship The vast majority of small businesses start out as sole proprietorships.These firms are owned by one person, unremarkably the individual who has the day-to-day responsibility for hurry the business. -30- 2. Partnership A partnership is a common format in India for carrying out business activities (particularly trading) on a small or m edium scale. In a partnership, two or more people share ownership of a whizz(a) business. 3. Joint venture A critical point venture is not well defined in the law. Unless incorporated or established as a firm as evidenced by a deed, joint ventures may be taxed like connecter of persons, sometimes at maximum borderline rates.It acts like a general partnership, but is clearly for a limited period of time or a single project. 4. Limited liability Company (public and private)- The Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a relatively new type of hybrid business structure that is now permissible in most states. The owners are members, and the duration of the LLC is commonly determined when the organization papers are filed. Classification of Retailers on the basis of practicable Structure Retail businesses are classified on the basis of their operational and organizational structure.Operational structure defines the key strategic decision of retail entity, whether to hire employees an d manage the distributed sales function internally or to reach customers though franchised outlets owned and operated by local entrepreneurs. Retail firms can be classified into five heads on the basis of their respective operational structures 1. Independent retail unit The total number of retailers in India is estimated to be over 5 million in 2003. About 78% of these are small family businesses utilizing only household labour. An independent retailer owns one retail unit. 2. Retail Chain A chain etailer operates multiple outlets (store units) under common ownership it usually engages in some level of centralized (or coordinated) purchasing and decision making. 3. Franchising Franchising involves a contractual arrangement between a franchiser (which may be a manufacturer, a wholesaler, or a service sponsor) and a retail franchisee, which allows the franchisee to conduct a -31- given form of business under and establishments name and according to a given pattern of business. 4. undertake Department or Shop-in-shop-It refers to department in a retail store that are rented to an outside party.Usually this is done in case of department and speciality stores and also at times, in discount stores. 5. Co-operative Outlets Co-operative outlets are generally owned and managed by co-operative societies. In this context the detailed example of Kendriya Bhandar in India. Classification of Retailers on the basis or Retail Location Retailers have also been also been classified according to their store location. Retailers can locate their stores in an quarantined place and attract the customers to the store on their own strengthsuch as a small grocery store or paan shop in a colony, which attracts the customers staying close by.Classification of retailers on the basis of location is discussed below 1. Retailers in a free-standing location- Retailers located at a site which is not connected to other retailers depend entirely on their sores drawing power and on the var ious promotional tools to attract customers. This type of location has several advantages including no competition, low rent, better visibility from the road, easy parking and lower property costs. For example the Haldirams outlet on the DelhiJaipur highway and the McDonalds outlet on Delhi-Ludhiana highway. 2.Retailers in a Business-associated Location-In this case, a retailer locates his store in a place where a group o retail outlets, offering a variety of merchandise, work together to attract customers to their retail area, and also compete against each other for the same customers. 3. Retailers in Specialized Markets Besides the above location-based classification, we also have in India-retailers who prefer specialized markets, particularly traditional independent retailers or chain stores. -32- In India, most of the cities have specialized markets noteworthy for a particular product category.For example, in Chennai, Godown Street is famous for clothes, Bunder treet for stati onery products, Usman street for jewellery, T Nagar for ready-made garments, Govindappan naicleen street for grocery, Poo Kadia for food and vegetables. 4. Airport Retailing For quite some time, duty-free shops and newsstands dominated the small amount of commercial space provided at airdromes. Lately, serious efforts are being made to design new airport facilities in order to incorporate substantial amounts of retail space.The key features of airport retailing are v Large groups of likely shoppers v Captive audience v toilsome sales per square tush of retail space v Strong sales of gift and travel items v Difficulty in replenishment v Longer operating hours v duty-free shopping possible. -33- VARIETY OF MERCHANDISE aggregate The retail merchandising has come a long way in India since the days when general stores (kirana) that stocked everything from groceries to stationery and small shops that sold limited varieties of products (such as clothes, furniture, medicines) reigned supreme.There are many different retail stores in Indiaconvenience stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores, brand stores and discount stores characterized by the variety of merchandise mix offered by a respective retail format. The consumer can choose between different stores for different needs. Retail units, on account of variety of merchandise mix, can be classified as follows . Department Stores It is a large retail store organized into a number of departments, offering a broad variety and depth of merchandise, commonly part of a retail chain.Usually, department stores are located within the planned shopping centres or traditional up market downtown centres. The leading fashion department stores in India are ebony tree, Globus, LifeStyle, Pantaloon, Shoppers Stop and Westside. All of them are multiproduct stores, Ebony has 7 stores, Globus has 4 stores, LifeStyle has 3 stores and there are 12 Pantaloon Family Stores. Discount Stores Retailers offering a broad v ariety of merchandise mix, limited or no service and low prices are characterized by low margins, heavy advertising, low investments on fixtures, limited support from sales people etc.Discount stores prefer shopping centres that provide space at lower rents as they attract customers from other adjoining stores in the shopping centre. oddment Stores Speciality stores stress on one or a limited number of complemental product categories and extend a high level of service to their customers. In India, the traditionally independent retailers in the specialized market centres operate in a particular product category, at these centres attract large crowds. Such specialized retail operations provide expertise economies of scale, bargain and image to the particular stores.Supermarkets and Hypermarkets- A hypermarket is a very large retail unit offering merchandise at low prices. Superstores have a sales area of over 50,000sq. ft. Hypermarkets are characterized by large store size, low ope rating costs and margins, low prices and comprehensive range of merchandise. -34- RETAIL IN INDIA The retail industry in India is largely unorganized and predominantly consists of small, independent, owner-managed shops. Retailing is Indias largest industry in terms of contribution to GDP and constitutes 13% of the GDP (Gross domestic help Product). There are around 5 million retail outlets in India.There are also an unaccounted number of low cost Kiosks (tea stalls, snack centres, barber shops) and pushcarts mobile vendors. Total retail sales area in India was estimated at 328 million sq. mt. in 2001, with an average selling space of 29. 4 sq. mt. per outlet. In India, the per capita retailing space is about 2 sq. ft. , which is quite low in comparison to the developed economies. In 2000, the global management consultancy AT Kearney put retail trade at Rs 400,000 crore, which is expected to increase to Rs 800,000 crore by the year 2005an annual increase of 20%.According to a surve y by AT Kearney, an overwhelming harmonise of the Rs 400,000 crore retail markets is unorganized. In fact, only a Rs 20,000 crore segment of the market is organized. There is no integrated supply chain management outlook in the Indian traditional retail industry. Food sales constitute a high proportion of the total retail sales. The share was 62. 7% in 2001, worth approximately Rs 7,039. 2 billion, while non-food sales were worth Rs4189. 5billion. However, the non-food retailing sector registered faster year-on-year growth than the food sales sector.The trend to market private labels by a specific retail store is catching on in India as it helps to improve margins. The turnover from private labels by major retail chains was estimated at around Rs 1200 million in 2000. Growth in retail outlets (millions) Year 1978 1984 1990 1996 Urban 0. 58 0. 75 0. 94 1. 80 Rural 1. 76 2. 02 2. 42 3. 33 Total 2. 35 2. 77 3. 36 5. 13 blood indiainfoline -35- formation of urban outlets Retail Outle t Grocers Cosmetic stores apothecary Food stores General stores Tobacco, pan stores others Source indiainfoline organisation 34. 7% 4. % 6. 3% 6. 6% 14. 4% 17. 0% 17. 0% Composition of rural outlets Retail Outlet Grocers Composition 55. 6% General stores 13. 5% Chemists Others 3. 3% 27. 6% Source Indiainfoline EMERGENCE OF form RETAILING Organized retailing in India repres